이디시어

이디시어
‫ייִדיש‬
사용 국가 미국, 러시아, 이스라엘, 우크라이나, 벨라루스, 독일, 캐나다, 아르헨티나
사용 민족 아슈케나즈 유대인
언어 인구 600,000명 이하(2021년 추산)[1]
문자 히브리 문자 (종종 라틴 문자)
언어 계통 인도유럽어족
 게르만어파
  서게르만어군
   고지 독일어
    이디시어
초기형태 고대 고지 독일어
공용어 및 표준
공용어로 쓰는 나라 러시아의 기 러시아 유대인 자치주
소수언어로서
쓰는 나라
보스니아 헤르체고비나의 기 보스니아 헤르체고비나
독일의 기 독일
이스라엘의 기 이스라엘
네덜란드의 기 네덜란드
폴란드의 기 폴란드
루마니아의 기 루마니아
스웨덴의 기 스웨덴
우크라이나의 기 우크라이나
러시아의 기 러시아
벨라루스의 기 벨라루스
표준 없음. (사실상 YIVO)
언어 부호
ISO 639-1 yi
ISO 639-2 yid
ISO 639-3 다수:
yid – 이디시어
ydd – 동부 이디시어
yih – 서부 이디시어

이디시어(이디시어: ייִדיש)는 아슈케나즈 유대인이 사용했던 서게르만어군 언어이다. 9세기경 중앙 유럽에서 발생되었으며,[2] 고지 독일어를 바탕으로 한 방언에 히브리어, 유대 아람어, 슬라브어로망스어 계열의 요소들이 결합된 언어이다. 초기 아쉬케나지 유대인 집단을 중심으로 사용되었으며, 표기로는 히브리 문자의 자모음 표기가 가능한 판을 사용하며 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 쓴다.

형성

셈어 성분과 독일어 성분을 받아들인 뒤 복잡하게 융합되어 형성되었고, 약간의 로망스제어와 슬라브어 성분(특히 폴란드어)을 받아들였다.

사용 인구 및 현황

1935년의 이디시어 사용 인구[3]
합계 10,690,000명
유럽-러시아를 포함한 중동유럽 6,767,000명
서유럽 317,000명
이스라엘 285,000명
이스라엘 밖의 다른 아시아 지역 14,000명
북미 2,987,000명
중남미 255,000명
오스트레일리아 9,000명
아프리카
56,000명

발음

이디시어 닿소리
순음 치경음 후치경음 구개음 성문음
구개음화 평음 구개음화 평음
비음 m n (ŋ)
파열음 무성음 p t k (ʔ)
유성음 b d ɡ
파찰음 무성음 tsʲ ts tʃʲ
유성음 dzʲ dz dʒʲ
마찰음 무성음 f s ʃ x ~ χ h
유성음 v z ʒ ɣ ~ ʁ
R음 r
접근음 중설음 j
설측음 l ʎ
이디시어 홑홀소리
전설 모음 중설 모음 후설 모음
고모음 ɪ ʊ
중저모음 ɛ ɜ ɔ
저모음 a
이디시어 겹홀소리
전설 핵 중설 핵 후설 핵
ɛɪ ɔɪ

각주

  1. [1]
  2. Jacobs, Neil G. (2005). 《Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction》. Cambridge University Press. 2쪽. ISBN 0-521-77215-X. 
  3. 울리엘 바인라이히 (1971년). 《College Yiddish》. NYC. 

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