반올림

반올림(半-)은 근삿값을 구하는 방법 중 하나이다.

정의

특정 기수법에서 절반 미만이면 0으로 버려준다. 절반 이상이면 0으로 버려주고 윗자리에 1을 더한다.

종류

사사오입

사사오입(四捨五入)

십진법에서는 다음과 같이 반올림을 한다.

  1. 반올림 할 자리를 구한다.

4 이하이면 0으로 버리고 5 이상이면 0으로 버린 후 윗자리에 1을 더한다.

사사오입의 예

  • 73
    • 일의 자리에서 반올림: 70
    • 십의 자리에서 반올림: 100
  • 51.6137
    • 소수점 넷째 자리에서 반올림: 51.614
    • 소수점 셋째 자리에서 반올림: 51.61
    • 소수점 둘째 자리에서 반올림: 51.6
    • 소수점 첫째 자리에서 반올림: 52
    • 일의 자리에서 반올림: 50
    • 십의 자리에서 반올림: 100

오사오입

반올림에서 5 미만의 숫자는 버림하며 5 초과의 숫자는 올림한다. 5의 경우에는 5의 앞자리가 홀수인 경우엔 올림을 하고 짝수인 경우엔 버림을 하여 짝수로 만들어준다. 예를 들어 53.45는 53.4로, 32.75는 32.8로 반올림한다. 이를 오사오입(round-to-nearest-even)이라고 한다. 자연과학공학유효 숫자에서 많이 쓴다.

오사육입

사사오입과는 반대로 5를 버리는 방법이다. 5 초과 올림, 5 미만 내림은 동일하다.

정리표

1000부터 1200까지의 정수를 100의 자리까지 어림하는 방법에 따라 다음 표와 같이 어림할 수 있다.

100의 자리까지 어림 1000 1001 - 1049 1050 1051 - 1059 1060 - 1099 1100 1101 - 1149 1150 1151 - 1159 1160 - 1199 1200
올림 1000 1100 1200
버림 1000 1100 1200
사사오입(일반적인 반올림) 1000 1100 1200
오사오입(더 정확한 반올림) 1000 1100 1200
오사육입(매우 드묾) 1000 1100 1200

반올림의 상대오차

실수 x를 부동소수점 기계 숫자로 나타낸 것을 fl(x)라고 할 때, 반올림 오차를 구하는 과정은 다음과 같다. 우선 십진수 양의 실수 x는 정규화된 형태로 다음으로 나타낼 수 있다.

인 경우 bk에 1을 더해주어 반올림을 하게 되고, 인 경우 bk이후 모든 숫자들을 절단한다. k자리로 반올림하는 경우의 상대오차를 구한다면 상대오차가 최대가 되는 값을 찾아야 한다. 이때 bk+1이 5 이상인지 미만인지에 따라 두 가지로 나눈다. 인 경우

인 경우는 인 경우보다 상대오차가 작다. 따라서 반올림의 상대오차는 이다.[1]

같이 보기

각주

  1. Abdelwahab Kharab & Ronald B. Guenther 2013, 28쪽.

참고 문헌

  • Abdelwahab Kharab; Ronald B. Guenther (2013). 《An Introduction to Numerical Methods A MATLAB Approach》 [이공학도를 위한 수치해석]. 학산미디어. ISBN 978-89-966211-8-8. 

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