독

다른 뜻에 대해서는 독 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.
독성은 여기로 연결됩니다. 독성(瀆聖)에 대해서는 신성모독 문서를, 병원체가 몸에 병을 일으키는 능력에 대해서는 독력 문서를 참고하십시오.
비슷한 이름의 독액에 관해서는 해당 문서를 참고하십시오.
독성 물질에 붙는 표시.

독(毒)은 생체에 해를 주는 화학 물질을 뜻하며, 주로 충분한 양이 생체에 흡수되었을 때 분자 단위의 화학 반응이나 다른 활동에 의해 피해가 발생한다.

또한 생물학적 맥락에서 독극물은 생물 교란의 원인 물질이며, 일반적으로 충분한 양이 유기체에 의해 흡수되어 분자 규모에서 화학 반응이나 다른 활동이 발생하게 된다. 의학(특히 수의학)과 동물학 분야는 독소(영어: Toxin)로부터 오는 독과 독액(영어: Venom)으로부터오는 독을 구분한다. 독소는 자연의 일부, 즉 일부 생물학적 기능에 의해 생성된 독이 있으며, 일반적으로 독은 피부나 소화관 등의 신체기관으로 흡수되어 안 좋은 영향을 미친다.

2013년 기준으로, 3,300,000건의 의도적이지 않은 중독 사례가 발생하였다.[1] 이로 인해 전 세계 98,000명의 사망자가 발생하였는데, 이는 1990년의 120,000명의 사망자 수 보다 줄어든 것이다.[2]

정의

몇몇의 독은 파상풍이나 보툴리누스 중독의 원인이 되는 박테리아 단백질에 속하기도 한다. 말벌 들에 의해 쏘이거나 뱀 등에 의해 물림으로 인하여 신체에 전파되는 독을 '독액(venom)'이라 한다. 일반적으로 독소 유기체는 해롭지만 독액 유기체는 먹이로 만들기 위해서나 생존을 위해 자신을 보호할 때 이 독을 사용한다. 단유기체는 독소와 독액을 모두 사용할 수 있다. toxic(독소)와 poisonous(독)은 동일어이다.

역사

인류 역사를 통틀어 인위적인 경우 독은 모살, 해충구제, 자살, 사형을 목적으로 사용되었다.[3][4]

같이 보기

각주

  1. ↑ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborator (2015년 8월 22일). “Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.”. 《Lancet (London, England)》 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMID 26063472. 
  2. ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (2014년 12월 17일). “Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.”. 《Lancet》 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. 
  3. ↑ Kautilya suggests employing means such as seduction, secret use of weapons, poison etc. S.D. Chamola, Kautilya Arthshastra and the Science of Management: Relevance for the Contemporary Society, p. 40. ISBN 81-7871-126-5.
  4. ↑ Kautilya urged detailed precautions against assassination—tasters for food, elaborate ways to detect poison. "Moderate Machiavelli? Contrasting The Prince with the Arthashastra of Kautilya". Critical Horizons, vol. 3, no. 2 (September 2002). Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1440-9917 (Print) 1568-5160 (Online). doi:10.1163/156851602760586671.

외부 링크

이 글은 생물학에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다.

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