Karajan Manunggal kelangan wewengkoné ing pérangan étan Kali Mississippi lan kidul Tlaga-Tlaga gedhé lan Kali St. Lawrence kanggo Amérika Sarékat sing wés merdeka & Spanyol; Spanyol éntuk Florida Timur, Florida Kulon, lan Minorca; Karajan Manunggal nyerahaké Tobago lan Senegal kanggo Prancis. Républik Nèderlan nyerahaké Negapatnam kanggo Karajan Manunggal.
Pucuk:
35.000 prajurit Kontinental
44.500 milisi
5.000 pelaut Angkatan Laut Kontinental (puncake taun 1779)[1] 53 kapal (aktif ing siji waktu sasuwéné perang)[1]
12.000 wadya Prancis (ing Amérika)
Perang Révolusi Amérika Sarékat (1775–1783), Pérang Kamardikan Amérika Sarékat,[8] utawa gur Perang Revolusi ing nagara Amérika Sarékat, awalé minangka salah sawijining perang antarané Karajan Karajan Manunggal lan Amérika Sarékat sing lagi ngadek, nanging kanthi alon-alon dadi perang global antarané Karajan Manunggal ing siji pérangan lan Amérika Sarékat, Prancis, Walanda, lan Spanyol ing pérangan liyané. Perang iki dimenangaké déning Amérika Sarékat kanthi kasil sing campur karo kakuwatan liyané.
Perang iki minangka akibat saka Revolusi Amérika Sarékat. Para kolonis bangkit amarga Undang-Undang Stempel 1765 sing tinemu déning parlemèn Karajan Manunggal sing dudu konstitusional. Parlemèn Karajan Manunggal negasaké manawa panjenengané nduwé hak kanggo nglakokaké pajeg kanggo para kolonis. Kolonis ngeklaim manawa amarga panjenengané penduduk Karajan Manunggal, nolak pajeg tanpa perwakilan rakyat dianggep ilegal. Kolonis Amérika Sarékat minangka Konggrès Kontinental sing dadi siji lan pamaréntahan bayangan ing saben-saben koloni, sanadyan ing awalé isih setia karo Raja. Boikoté Amérika Sarékat karo tèh Karajan Manunggal sing kena pajeg nyurung kadadeyané prastawa Pista Teh Boston taun 1773, sing rusaké momotan teh kapal Karajan Manunggal. London nanggepiné kanthi mandekaké pamaréntahan swatantra ing Massachusetts lan ndelehné ing ngisor kendali prajurit Karajan Manunggal karo Jenderal Thomas Gage minangka gubernuré. Ing wulan April 1775, Gage mudeng manawa senjata lagi dikumpulaké ing Concord, Massachusetts, lan panjenengané ngirimaké wadya Karajan Manunggal kanggo ngrampas lan ngrusak senjata iku mau.[9] Milisi lokal nglawan para wadya lan tembak-tembakan (ndeleng Paprangan Lexington lan Concord). Sawisé bola bali njaluk karo ratu Karajan Manunggal mèlu nimbrung ing parlemèn, kabèh putusan damai mandek nalika Proklamasi Pemberontakan lumantar dekrit ratu, lan penjenengané nanggepiné nganggo Deklarasi Kamardikan salah sijining bangsa sing didaulat anyar, Amérika Sarékat, ing tanggal 4 Juli 1776. Bangsa Loyalis Amérika Sarékat nolak Deklarasi iki lan mihak karo Raja; panjenengané diguwak saka kekuasaan ing ngendi-ngendi papan. Upaya Amérika Sarékat kanggo njembaraké pamberontakan iki tekan Provinsi Quebec lan Florida nanging ora kasil.
Karajan Prancis, Karajan Spanyol, lan Walanda meneng-meneng mènèhi Aliansi Prancis-Amérika Sarékat ya iku wujud amunisi lan senjata karo kaum revolusioner diwiwiti taun 1776. Ing Juni 1776, Amérika Sarékat weés kasil ngendalèkaké saben praja kanthi rata, nanging salanjuté Angkatan Laut Karajan Karajan Manunggal nyerang New York City lan ndadèkaké pangkalan utama penjenengané. Perang iki bola-bali ngalami kadadèan buntu. Angkatan Laut kraton wés nyerang kutha-kutha pasisir liyané ing wektu sedéla, nanging pambrontak ngendalekaké wewengkon désa sing dipanggoni 90 persèn populasi AS. Strategi Karajan Manunggal gumantung ing mobilisasi milisi Loyalis lan ora naté bisa kadadéan. Serangan Karajan Manunggal saka Kanada ing taun 1777 rampung kanthi kalahe prajurit Karajan Manunggal ing Paprangan Saratoga. Kamenangan Amérika Sarékat iki nyurung Prancis lumebu perang kanthi kebukak ing awal 1778, saingga ngimbangaké kakuwatan militèr ing antarané rong pihak. Spanyol lan Walanda—sekuthu Prancis—uga perang karo Karajan Manunggal sasuwené petang taun salanjuté, ngancem invasi ing Karajan Manunggal lan nguji kakuwatan militeré Karajan Manunggal kanthi kegiyatan kampanye ing Éropa. Melu-melune Spanyol ing Perang Revolusi Amérika Sarékat ujung-ujungé ing munduré prajurit Karajan Manunggal saka Florida Kulon, saingga ngamanaké wewengkon kidul Amérika Sarékat. Kamenangan mutlak wadya lautan Karajan Manunggal ing Paprangan Saintes nggagalaké rencana Prancis lan Spanyol kanggo ngusir Karajan Manunggal saka Karibia, lan upaya gabungan Prancis-Spanyol kanggo nduduki pertahanan Karajan Manunggal ing Gibraltar uga rampungé kanthi kalah sing padha.
Anggoné mèlu nagara Prancis kabukti wés kasil [10] sanadyan larang, saingga nggawe gègèr ékonomi Prancis lan nyurung nagara iki ing jurang utang sing gedhé.[11] Kamenangan wadya lautan Prancis ing Chesapeake ujung-ujungé pengepungan déning prajurit gabungan Prancis lan Kontinental sing meksa prajurit Karajan Manunggal kaloro nyerah ing Yorktown, Virginia taun 1781. Paprangan terus nglanjut sasuwené taun 1782, sawatara perundingan perdamaian diwiwiti.
Ing taun 1783, Traktat Paris (1783) mungkasi perang lan ngakui kedaulatan Amérika Sarékat saka teritori sing kanthi kasar dikelilingi déning wewengkon sing saiki dadi Kanada ing lor, Florida ing kidul, lan kali Mississippi ing kulon.[12][13] Prastawa damai iki ing tingkat internasional disetujui lan dibarengi karo ijol-ijolan laladan teritori.
↑Claude, Van Tyne, The loyalists in the American Revolution (1902) pp. 182–3.
↑Greene and Pole (1999), p. 393; Boatner (1974), p. 545
↑American dead and wounded: Shy, pp. 249–50. The lower figure for number of wounded comes from Chambers, p. 849.
↑British writers generally favor "American War of Independence", "American Rebellion", or "War of American Independence". See Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Bibliography at the Michigan State University for usage in titles.
Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. 1966; revised 1974. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1. Military topics, references many secondary sources.
Greene, Jack P. and Pole, J.R., eds. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1991; reprint 1999. ISBN 1-55786-547-7. Collection of essays focused on political and social history.
Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789. Northeastern University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-930350-44-8. Overview of military topics; online in ACLS History E-book Project.
Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763–1776. (2004)
Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8.
Savas, Theodore P. and Dameron, J. David. A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. New York: Savas Beatie LLC, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-12-X.
Schama, Simon. Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution, New York, NY: Ecco/HarperCollins, 2006
Shy, John. A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976 (ISBN 0-19-502013-8); revised University of Michigan Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-472-06431-2). Collection of essays.
Stephenson, Orlando W. "The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776", American Historical Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan. 1925), pp. 271–281 in JSTOR.
Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4000-4024-7.
Trevelyan, George Otto. George the Third and Charles Fox: the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans, Green, 1912.
Weigley, Russell F. The American Way of War. Indiana University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0-253-28029-9.
Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears: America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: 1775–1783. New York: Free Press, 2005 (a division of Simon and Schuster). ISBN 0-7432-2687-9. An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war.
Literatur referensi
These are some of the standard works about the war in general which are not listed above; books about specific campaigns, battles, units, and individuals can be found in those articles.
Conway, Stephen. The War of American Independence 1775-1783. Publisher: E. Arnold, 1995. ISBN 0-340-62520-1. 280 pages.
Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. (1854–78), vol. 7–10.
Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution. Penguin, 1998 (paperback reprint).
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, and Ryerson, Richard A., eds. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2006) 5 volume paper and online editions; 1000 entries by 150 experts, covering all topics
Billias, George Athan. George Washington's Generals and Opponents: Their Exploits and Leadership (1994) scholarly studies of key generals on each side
Hibbert, Christopher. Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution through British Eyes. New York: Norton, 1990. ISBN 0-393-02895-X.
Kwasny, Mark V. Washington's Partisan War, 1775–1783. Kent, Ohio: 1996. ISBN 0-87338-546-2. Militia warfare.
Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Oxford University Press, 1984; revised 2005. ISBN 0-19-516247-1. online edition
Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution (1989), newly drawn maps
Ward, Christopher. The War of the Revolution. 2 volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1952. History of land battles in North America.
Wood, W. J. Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775–1781. ISBN 0-306-81329-7 (2003 paperback reprint). Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles, with emphasis on American military leadership.
Men-at-Arms series: short (48pp), very well illustrated descriptions:
Zlatich, Marko; Copeland, Peter. General Washington's Army (1): 1775–78 (1994)
Zlatich, Marko. General Washington's Army (2): 1779–83 (1994)
Chartrand, Rene. The French Army in the American War of Independence (1994)
May, Robin. The British Army in North America 1775–1783 (1993)
The Partisan in War, a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789.
