社会主義者だがマルクス派の労働価値説に異を唱えたランゲは、新古典派の一般均衡の概念による価格理論を支持した。(事実この均衡の「数学的存在」は後にケネス・アローとジェラール・ドブリューによって完全に証明された)。マルクス経済学と近代経済学を1936年の On the Economic Theory of Socialism でうまく融合させて、自由市場の価格決定メカニズムを応用した中央計画は、自由市場経済を単に拡大する市場原理主義よりも高度な経済効率性(一般均衡条件への近似)を実現できると論じた。ランゲは、政府の計画者が価格機構を市場経済と同じように使い、国家産業の管理者たちに、国家決定の価格に対しパラメータ的に応答する(たとえばコスト最小化等々)ように指示すればこれが可能なのだ、と論じた。いわゆるオペレーションズ・リサーチの手法である。
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