自動計画(じどうけいかく、英: Automated planning and scheduling)は、人工知能のテーマの1つであり、戦略や行動順序の具体化をすること。典型的な例として、知的エージェント、自律型ロボット、無人航空機などでの利用がある。古典的制御システムや統計分類問題とは異なり、自動計画の解は複雑で未知であり、多次元空間における発見と最適化が必要となる。
2008年の "How Good is Almost Perfect?." (AAAI08 Best Paper) [13] という論文によって、
ヒューリスティック関数をどれだけ改善しても、完璧なヒューリスティック(緩和を行わない=計算するのにもとの問題を解くのと同じだけの計算量がかかるので非実用的)を得ない限り究極的には指数爆発が避けられないケースがあることが示された。
以来、上記2つとは独立した探索手法の改善、ないし枝刈り手法が求められている。
このうち代表的な手法に、対称性検知(symmetry breaking)、行き止まり検知(dead-end detection)、Dominance Pruning、Partial Order Pruningなどがある。
対称性検知は、探索グラフのうちisomorphicな部分グラフを検知して、その一つを残してすべて枝刈りする[14]。
行き止まり検知は、現在のノードからはゴールにたどり着けないことを、実際にゴールを探索し尽くすことなく検知する[15]。
Dominance Pruningは、「あるノードが別のノードよりも悪い」ことを、ヒューリスティクス関数/下界関数による分枝限定法とは別の仕組みで検知する[16]。
Partial Order Pruningは、順序を入れ替えただけのアクションの列のうち、一つを残して枝刈りする[17]。
^Bylander, Tom. "The computational complexity of propositional STRIPS planning." Artificial Intelligence 69.1-2 (1994): 165-204.
^Bylander, Tom. "The computational complexity of propositional STRIPS planning." Artificial Intelligence 69.1 (1994): 165-204.
^Van Den Briel, Menkes HL, and Subbarao Kambhampati. "Optiplan: Unifying IP-based and graph-based planning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 24 (2005): 919-931.
^Imai, Tatsuya, and Alex Fukunaga. "A Practical, Integer-Linear Programming Model for the Delete-Relaxation in Cost-Optimal Planning." ECAI. 2014.
^Helmert, Malte, and Carmel Domshlak. "Landmarks, critical paths and abstractions: what's the difference anyway?." ICAPS. 2009.
^Davies, Toby O., et al. "Sequencing Operator Counts." ICAPS. 2015.
^Alcázar, Vidal, et al. "Revisiting regression in planning." Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2013.
^Holte, Robert C., et al. "Bidirectional Search That Is Guaranteed to Meet in the Middle." AAAI. 2016.
^Alcázar, Vidal, Patricia J. Riddle, and Mike Barley. "A Unifying View on Individual Bounds and Heuristic Inaccuracies in Bidirectional Search." AAAI. 2020.
^Torralba, A., Alcázar, V., Borrajo, D., Kissmann, P., & Edelkamp, S. (2014). SymBA*: A symbolic bidirectional A* planner. In International Planning Competition (pp. 105-108).
^Riabov, Anton, Shirin Sohrabi, and Octavian Udrea. "New algorithms for the top-k planning problem." Proceedings of the Scheduling and Planning Applications woRKshop (SPARK) at the 24th International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS). 2014.
^Helmert, Malte, and Gabriele Röger. "How Good is Almost Perfect?." AAAI. Vol. 8. 2008.
^Domshlak, Carmel, Michael Katz, and Alexander Shleyfman. "Enhanced symmetry breaking in cost-optimal planning as forward search." Twenty-Second International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling. 2012.
^Lipovetzky, Nir, Christian J. Muise, and Hector Geffner. "Traps, Invariants, and Dead-Ends." ICAPS. 2016.
^Torralba, Alvaro, et al. "On State-Dominance Criteria in Fork-Decoupled Search." IJCAI. 2016.
^Hall, David Leo Wright, et al. "Faster Optimal Planning with Partial-Order Pruning." ICAPS. 2013.
^Younes, Håkan LS, and Michael L. Littman. "PPDDL1. 0: An extension to PDDL for expressing planning domains with probabilistic effects." Techn. Rep. CMU-CS-04-162 2 (2004): 99.
^ N.J. Nilsson, Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Tioga Publishing, Palo Alto, CA, 1980.
^Hansen, Eric A., and Shlomo Zilberstein. "LAO∗: A heuristic search algorithm that finds solutions with loops." Artificial Intelligence 129.1-2 (2001): 35-62.
^Yoon, Sung Wook, et al. "Probabilistic Planning via Determinization in Hindsight." AAAI. 2008.
^Yoon, Sung Wook, Alan Fern, and Robert Givan. "FF-Replan: A Baseline for Probabilistic Planning." ICAPS. Vol. 7. 2007.
^Botea, Adi, Evdokia Nikolova, and Michele Berlingerio. "Multi-modal journey planning in the presence of uncertainty." Twenty-third international conference on automated planning and scheduling. 2013.
^Fox, Maria, and Derek Long. "PDDL2. 1: An extension to PDDL for expressing temporal planning domains." Journal of artificial intelligence research 20 (2003): 61-124.
^Fox, Maria, and Derek Long. "Modelling mixed discrete-continuous domains for planning." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 27 (2006): 235-297.
^Piacentini, Chiara, et al. "Linear and Integer Programming-Based Heuristics for Cost-Optimal Numeric Planning." AAAI. 2018.
^Karaman, Sertac, and Emilio Frazzoli. "Sampling-based algorithms for optimal motion planning." The international journal of robotics research 30.7 (2011): 846-894.
^Kavraki, Lydia E., et al. "Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces." IEEE transactions on Robotics and Automation 12.4 (1996): 566-580.
^Burfoot, Daniel, Joelle Pineau, and Gregory Dudek. "RRT-Plan: A Randomized Algorithm for STRIPS Planning." ICAPS. 2006.
^Karpas, Erez, et al. "Temporal landmarks: What must happen, and when." (2015).
^Erol, Kutluhan, James Hendler, and Dana S. Nau. "HTN planning: Complexity and expressivity." AAAI. Vol. 94. 1994.
^Höller, Daniel, et al. "HDDL: An Extension to PDDL for Expressing Hierarchical Planning Problems." AAAI. 2020.
^Höller, Daniel, et al. "Hierarchical Planning in the IPC." arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.04405 (2019).
^Alford, Ron, et al. "Bound to Plan: Exploiting Classical Heuristics via Automatic Translations of Tail-Recursive HTN Problems." ICAPS. 2016.
^Shivashankar, Vikas, Ron Alford, and David W. Aha. "Incorporating domain-independent planning heuristics in hierarchical planning." Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2017.
^Cserna, Bence, et al. "Avoiding Dead Ends in Real-Time Heuristic Search." AAAI. 2018.
^Brafman, Ronen I., and Carmel Domshlak. "From One to Many: Planning for Loosely Coupled Multi-Agent Systems." ICAPS. Vol. 8. 2008.