標準式ロボトミー(ロイコトミー)は、両側の頭蓋骨の穿孔と、切断用の器具の挿入を伴った。それは「閉鎖的」手術であった。執刀者は切断部位を正確に直視することができなかった。1937年、J. G. ライアリーは、フロリダ州立病院で、同様の術式を開発したが、前頭部により大きな穿孔を設けて大脳への経路としたことで、切断部位を直視できるようになった。血管損傷の可能性を減らせることから、フリーマンとワッツの「閉鎖式」手技よりもこの「開放的」手術を好む脳神経外科医もいた。この術式はアメリカ合衆国において最も良く使われる、標準的なロボトミー/ロイコトミーとなった[4]。
^Walker AE, ed.. A History of Neurological Surgery. New York: Hafner Publishing; 1967. p. 1-22
^ abRobison, R A; Taghva A; Liu CY; Apuzzo ML (2012). “Surgery of the mind, mood and conscious state: an idea in evolution”. World Neurosurg77 (5-6): 662-686. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.005. PMID22446082.
^ abcdefghiSwayze VW (1995). “Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935-1954) a historical overview”. American Journal of Psychiatry152 (4): 505-15. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.505. PMID7900928.
^Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, retained the word leucotomy rather than lobotomy
^ES Valenstein 1986 Great and desperate cures : the rise and decline of psychosurgery and other radical treatments for mental illness. New York : Basic Books
^M Raz 2013 The lobotomy letters: the making of American psychosurgery. University of Rochester Press: 46-48.
^W Sargant 1967 The unquiet mind: the autobiography of a physician in psychological medicine. London: Heinemann
^GJ Fraenkel 1991 Hugh Cairns: first Nuffield Professor of Surgery, University of Oxford. Oxford University Press: 207-08
^ abTranøy J (1996). “Lobotomy in Scandinavian psychiatry”. The Journal of Mind and Behavior17 (1): 1-20.
^Crossley D (1993). “The introduction of leucotomy: a British history”. History of Psychiatry4: 553-64. doi:10.1177/0957154x9300401606.
^J McCulloch 1995 Colonial psychiatry and "the African mind". Cambridge University Press: 19
^ abcC-M Stolt 2002 Moniz, lobotomy, and the 1949 Nobel Prize. In E Crawford (ed.) Historical studies in the Nobel Archives: the prizes in science and medicine. Universal Academy Press, Tokyo: 79-93
^Pippard J (1962). “Leucotomy in Britain today”. Journal of Mental Science108 (454): 249-55. doi:10.1192/bjp.108.454.249.
^Baumeister AA (2000). “The Tulane electrical brain stimulation program: a historical case study in medical ethics”. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences9 (3): 262-78. doi:10.1076/jhin.9.3.262.1787. PMID11232368.
^JM Barraclough and NA Mitchell-Heggs 1978 Use of neurosurgery for psychological disorder in British Isles during 1974-6. British Medical Journal, 9 December 1978: 1591-3
^The Mental Health Act Commission. 1999 Eight Biennial Report: 182
^ abcRoyal College of Psychiatrists 2000 Neurosurgery for mental disorder. London
^ abcdSachdev PS, Chen X (2009). “Neurosurgical treatment of mood disorders: traditional psychosurgery and the advent of deep brain stimulation”. Current Opinion in Psychiatry22 (1): 25-31. doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32831c8475. PMID19122531.
^Licherterman BL (1993). “On the history of psychosurgery in Russia”. Acta Neurochirugie125 (1-4): 1-4. doi:10.1007/BF01401819. PMID8122532.
^Medvedev SV, Anichkov AD, Polyakov YI (2003). “Physiological mechanisms of the effectiveness of bilateral stereotactic cingulotomy against strong psychological dependence in drug addicts”. Human Physiology29 (4): 492-7. doi:10.1023/A:1024945927301.
^Johnson J (2009). “A dark history: memories of lobotomy in the new era of psychosurgery”. Medicine Studies1 (4): 367-78. doi:10.1007/s12376-009-0031-7.
^EA Valenstein 1997 History of Psychosurgery. In S Greenblatt et al., (eds.) A History of Neurosurgery. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons: 499-516.
^M Raz 2013 The lobotomy letters: the making of American psychosurgery. University of Rochester Press: 101-113.
^G Gillet 2007 Psychosurgery and neuroimplantation: changing what is deep within a person. In RE Ashcroft et al. (eds) Principles of health care ethics. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey: 811 - 817.