竜骨 (生薬)

竜骨（生薬）として使われる哺乳類の骨の化石。海綿骨の部分も確認できる。

竜骨（りゅうこつ、龍骨、拼音: lónggǔ ロンクー、ラテン語：Fossilia Ossis Mastodi[注釈 1]、Os Draconis[注釈 2]）は、生薬の一種で大型哺乳類の骨の化石のことである[1][2]。類似する生薬として、哺乳類の歯牙化石に由来する竜歯（りゅうし、longchi、Dens Draconis）がある[2][3]。なかには恐竜の化石も含まれ、これが竜伝説となったとする説もあるが、支持されていない。

薬効

医薬品として日本薬局方に掲載されている生薬で鎮静作用、収斂作用がある[4]。成分は、炭酸カルシウム（50 - 80%）、リン酸カルシウムなどである。竜骨は、柴胡加竜骨牡蛎湯（さいこかりゅうこつぼれいとう）、桂枝加竜骨牡蛎湯（けいしかりゅうこつぼれいとう）などの漢方薬に配合される[5]。

基原

竜骨の基原となるのはゾウ、サイ、馬、鹿、猪、牛などの仲間である。ナウマンゾウのように絶滅してしまった動物も多い。

現在[いつ?]は中国より輸入されているが、化石であるので将来的に枯渇してしまうことが懸念されている。

また、煮た牛骨等を粉砕し、石灰水に浸けてザラザラした感じにした偽物の竜骨もある。本物は舐めると舌に吸い付く感じがするという。本物は化石であり、化石は多孔質なため水分を吸着しやすいからである。

その他の事項

亀甲獣骨文字（甲骨文字）は、竜骨を持病の治療薬として求めた王懿栄が、文字の書かれた骨から発見したといわれる。また、北京原人の化石は竜骨の産地である周口店竜骨山で発見された。

正倉院に収蔵された動物化石由来の薬物として、竜骨（シカ類の角）・白竜骨（シカ類やハイエナ類の骨と歯）・竜角（シカ類の角）・五色竜歯（ゾウ類の歯）がある[6][7]。なお似竜骨石は珪化木のことであり、江戸時代には珪化木が竜骨として輸入されることがあったという[6]。

脚注

[脚注の使い方]

注釈

  1. ^ 「マストドンの骨の化石」の意。
  2. ^ 「ドラゴンの骨」の意。

出典

  1. ^ 「リュウコツ」「リュウコツ末」、『第十八改正日本薬局方』厚生労働省告示第220号、2021年6月7日、2076頁。
  2. ^ a b Kazuki Oguri, Yuichiro Nishioka, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi & Kyoko Takahashi, “Taxonomic examination of longgu (Fossilia Ossis Mastodi, “dragon bone”) and a related crude drug, longchi (Dens Draconis, “dragon tooth”), from Japanese and Chinese crude drug markets,” Journal of Natural Medicines, Volume 71, Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy, 2017, Pages 463–471.
  3. ^ 渥美聡孝「化石？ 生薬？ 竜骨の資源問題とその解決方法について考える」『ファルマシア』第54巻 1号、日本薬学会、2018年、70頁。
  4. ^ 劉園英 「二味の配合(4) 竜骨と牡蛎」『伝統医学』、2007年、10巻、4号、219頁。
  5. ^ 久保道徳 「病院薬剤師のための漢方製剤の知識 龍骨」『日本病院薬剤師会雑誌』、1986年、3巻、147–149頁。
  6. ^ a b 益富寿之助「正倉院薬物を中心とする古代石薬の研究」『生薬学雑誌』第2号、日本生薬学会、1957年、17-19頁。
  7. ^ 柴田承二「正倉院の薬物調査」『ファルマシア』第34巻 2号、日本薬学会、1998年、156-161頁。

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