私掠免許

私掠免許

私掠免許あるいは私掠免許状（しりゃくめんきょ、しりゃくめんきょじょう、英: Letter of Marque）とは、帆船の時代に、民間の船が他国の船を攻撃・拿捕することを国家が認めた他国船拿捕免許状である。勅許特許状[1]の一種。戦時に限られる私掠免許状と、平和時でも認められる復仇免許状（ふっきゅうめんきょじょう、英: Letter of reprisal）とがあった。何れの場合でも、この特許状を携えた船舶は私掠船と呼ばれ、発行国の責任の下で公海上で該当船舶を拿捕すること、つまり海賊行為が合法的に許可された。

私掠免許は政府に許可料を支払うことで取得でき、船主は自費で戦争に参加する見返りに拿捕した敵の財産を受け取ることができた。このときの取り分が被った損害と同等の額までのものを報復的拿捕認可状（復仇免許状と同義）、取り分が無制限であるものを私掠免許と呼ぶ[2]。復仇は、相手国への損害賠償請求を個別の自力救済で行うことを許可したものであり、私掠は、戦時下において個人に許可された合法的な戦闘行為であり、違法な海賊とは異なる、国家公認の経済活動として認識されており[3]、敵船から没収した財産であっても課税の対象であった[2]。

歴史

私掠免許をはじめて発行したのはイングランドであり、起源は海賊を捕える私兵のための拿捕許可状といわれる[4]。私掠免許は戦争に際して何度か発行された。代表的なものとしてはイングランドの女王であるエリザベス1世（1533 - 1603）がキャプテン・ドレークに発行した免許が挙げられる。

免許状を発行する国家は1792年のフランス憲法制定会議や1856年のパリ条約（パリ宣言）を経て徐々に減少し、1909年のアメリカ合衆国の発行停止をもって事実上廃止された[4]。

脚注・出典

[脚注の使い方]
  1. ^ （Charter）
  2. ^ a b コーディングリ（2000）p.337
  3. ^ 小林幸雄（2007）
  4. ^ a b J.マホフスキ（1975）

参考文献

  • J.マホフスキ著、木村武雄訳『海賊の歴史』河出書房新社、1975年。
  • デイヴィッド・コーディングリ 編 増田義郎 竹内和世 訳『図説　海賊大全』東洋書林、2000年。
  • 小林幸雄『図説イングランド海軍の歴史』原書房、2007年。
  • 宮崎正勝『海からの世界史』角川選書、2005年。
スタブアイコン

この項目は、歴史に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（P:歴史/P:歴史学/PJ歴史）。

Read other articles:

Enigma (seri televisi)

EnigmaGenreCerita seru kriminalDitulis olehHaqi AchmadSutradaraNayato Fio NualaPemeran Ferry Salim Vicky Monica Fauzan Nasrul Volland Humonggio Tatiana Sivek Aswin Fabanyo Aditya Rino Brandon Nicholas Salim Yova Gracia Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliBahasa IndonesiaJmlh. musim1Jmlh. episode5ProduksiProduserShanker RSLokasi produksiIndonesiaPengaturan kameraMultikameraDurasi60 menit (dengan iklan)Rumah produksiDigital Film MediaDistributorIndika GroupRilis asliJaringanFormat gambar16:9 (HDTV)...

 

Sopho Gelovani

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or l...

 

Falco (cantante)

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti musicisti austriaci e cantanti austriaci non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. FalcoFalco assieme ad Ursela Monn nel 1986. Nazionalità Austria GenereIndustrialPopRockNDWPop rap Periodo di attività musicale1977 – 1998 Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Falco,...

Rovio Entertainment

Finnish video game developer This article is about the Finnish video game developer. For other uses, see Rovio. Rovio Entertainment OyjRovio's headquarters in Espoo, FinlandTrade nameRovioFormerlyRelude Oy (2003–2005)Rovio Mobile Oy (2005–2011)Rovio Entertainment Oy (2011–2017)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFounded10 November 2003; 20 years ago (2003-11-10) in Helsinki, FinlandFoundersNiklas HedJarno VäkeväinenKim DikertHeadquartersEspoo, FinlandNumber of l...

 

Portable Document Format

Portable Document FormatFiländelse.pdfMIME-typapplication/pdfTypkod'PDF ' (med mellanrum)Uniform typidentifierarecom.adobe.pdfMagiskt nummer%PDFUtvecklad avAdobe SystemsStandardISO 32000-1:2008 Den här artikeln eller det här avsnittet innehåller inaktuella uppgifter och behöver uppdateras. (2020-06) Hjälp gärna Wikipedia att åtgärda problemet genom att redigera artikeln eller diskutera saken på diskussionssidan. Portable Document Format (PDF), är ett digitalt dokumentformat utveckl...

 

Dubel Meriyenes

Dubel Meriyenes Informasi pribadiLahir15 Agustus 1957 (umur 66) Padang, Sumatera BaratAlma materSepawamil (1986)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1986–2015Pangkat Brigadir Jenderal TNISatuanCorps Kesehatan Militer (Ckm)Sunting kotak info • L • B Letnan Jenderal TNI (Purn.) dr. Dubel Meriyenes, Sp.B., FINACS (lahir 15 Agustus 1957) adalah seorang Purnawirawan perwira tinggi TNI Angkatan Darat yang pernah menjabat sebagai Direkt...

Archidiocèse de Przemyśl

Archidiocèse de Przemyśl Cathédrale de l'Assomption (Przemyśl). Informations générales Pays Pologne Archevêque Adam Szal Superficie 9,750 km2 Création du diocèse 13 avril 1375 Élévation au rang d'archidiocèse 25 mars 1992 Diocèses suffragants Diocèse de RzeszówDiocèse de Zamość-Lubaczów Site web www.przemyska.pl Statistiques Population 780 000 hab. Population catholique 763 352 fidèles Pourcentage de catholiques 97,9 % Nombre de paroisses 385...

 

Hewan hibrida dalam folklor

Shedu Asiria dari pintu masuk ke ruang takhta istana Sargon II di Dur-Sharrukin (akhir abad ke-8 SM), digali oleh Paul-Émile Botta, 1843-1844, sekarang di Departemen barang antik Oriental, di wing Richelieu, Louvre. Hewan hibrida dalam folklor adalah makhluk dari hewan yang bentuknya berbeda-beda, terdapat dalam cerita rakyat dari berbagai budaya sebagai makhluk legendaris. Di situs pemakaman Sisa-sisa peninggalan masa lalu yang mirip dengan hibrida mitologi telah ditemukan di situs pemakama...

 

Contea di Grayson (Texas)

Contea di GraysonconteaLocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Texas AmministrazioneCapoluogoSherman Data di istituzione1846 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo33°37′12″N 96°40′48″W / 33.62°N 96.68°W33.62; -96.68 (Contea di Grayson)Coordinate: 33°37′12″N 96°40′48″W / 33.62°N 96.68°W33.62; -96.68 (Contea di Grayson) Superficie2 536 km² Abitanti120 877[1] (2010) Densità47,66 ab./km² Altre inform...

Crabb v Arun DC

English land and contract law case Crabb v Arun DCCourtCourt of AppealCitation(s)[1975] EWCA Civ 7, [1976] 1 Ch 179Case opinionsLord Denning MRKeywordsProprietary estoppel, consideration Crabb v Arun District Council [1975] EWCA Civ 7 is a leading English land law and contract case concerning proprietary estoppel. Lord Denning MR affirmed that where agreements concern the acquisition of rights over land, there is no need for both parties to provide a consideration for upholding the bargain. W...

 

Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu

Romanian politician (born 1968) Mihai-Răzvan UngureanuPhDUngureanu in 2013Prime Minister of RomaniaIn office9 February 2012 – 7 May 2012PresidentTraian BăsescuDeputyBéla MarkóPreceded byCătălin Predoiu (Acting) Emil BocSucceeded byVictor PontaDirector of the Foreign Intelligence ServiceIn office5 December 2007 – 9 February 2012Preceded bySilviu Predoiu (Acting)Succeeded byTeodor MeleșcanuIn office30 June 2015 – 26 September 2016Preceded bySilviu Predoiu...

 

List of digital television deployments by country

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of digital television deployments by country – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by ed...

Magnetic force microscope

See also: MFM (disambiguation) MFM images of 3.2 Gb and 30 Gb computer hard-drive surfaces. Comparison of Faraday-effect image (left) and MFM image (inset, lower-right) of a magnetic film Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a variety of atomic force microscopy, in which a sharp magnetized tip scans a magnetic sample; the tip-sample magnetic interactions are detected and used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the sample surface. Many kinds of magnetic interactions are measured by MFM, in...

 

Monument

Structure built to commemorate a relevant person or event For other uses, see Monument (disambiguation). The Monument to Nicholas I from Saint Isaac's Square in Saint Petersburg (Russia) The Taj Mahal in Agra, one of the best-known National Monuments in India The Great Pyramid of Giza built c. 2600 BC as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu, one of the Seven Wonders and enduring symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization since antiquity. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient G...

 

Soviet partisans

WWII resistance movements Part of a series onAnti-fascism InterwarEthiopia Black Lions Germany Antifaschistische Aktion Black Band Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany Confessing Church Iron Front Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold Roter Frontkämpferbund Three Arrows Italy Arditi del Popolo Concentrazione AntifascistaItaliana TIGR Volante Rossa Spain (Spanish Civil War)  Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias Confederal militias International Brigades Abraham Lincoln Brigade British Battalio...

سفارة سريلانكا في واشنطن العاصمة

سفارة سريلانكا في واشنطن العاصمة   الإحداثيات 38°55′01″N 77°02′56″W / 38.9169°N 77.0489°W / 38.9169; -77.0489   البلد الولايات المتحدة  المكان واشنطن العاصمة  الاختصاص الولايات المتحدة،  والمكسيك[1]،  وترينيداد وتوباغو[2]  الموقع الالكتروني الموقع الرسمي&...

 

Indian Lake State Park (Michigan)

Park in Michigan, USA For other places of the same name in the state of Michigan, see Indian Lake (Michigan). Indian Lake State ParkView of Indian Lake from the boat launchLocation in MichiganShow map of MichiganIndian Lake State Park (Michigan) (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationUpper Peninsula, Schoolcraft County, Michigan, United StatesNearest cityManistique, MichiganCoordinates45°56′38″N 86°19′54″W / 45.94389°N 86.33167°W / 45....

 

Makarora (rivière)

la Makaroraanglais : Makarora River embouchure de la Makarora dans le lac Wanaka. Makarora River sur OpenStreetMap. Caractéristiques Longueur 35 km Bassin collecteur le Clutha Cours Source sur le versant sud des Alpes du Sud à proximité du col de Haast · Localisation parc national du mont Aspiring · Coordonnées 44° 05′ 09″ S, 169° 28′ 03″ E Embouchure Lac Wanaka · Altitude 300 m · Coordonnées 44° 18′ 33″ S, 1...

I Всероссийский единоверческий съезд

Участники съезда 27 января 1912 года I Всероссийский единоверческий съезд (Первый всероссийский съезд православных старообрядцев) — съезд единоверческих клириков и мирян Русской православной церкви, проходивший с 22 по 30 января 1912 года в Санкт-Петербурге под председате�...

 

Hornbill Skyways

Aircraft charter company in Malaysia Hornbill Skyways IATA ICAO Callsign - - - Founded1977; 47 years ago (1977)HubsKuching International AirportSecondary hubsMiri AirportFleet size14HeadquartersKuching, Sarawak, MalaysiaKey peopleCaptain Wan Mohamad Ali Bin Hj Wan Abdullah (CEO, Accountable Manager)Websitewww.hornbillskyways.com Hornbill Skyways Sdn Bhd (doing business as Hornbill Skyways) is a regional aircraft charter service operating in towns and rural areas in Sarawak. ...