神経毒性

神経毒性(Neurotoxicity)とは、生物学的、化学的、物理的な要因により、中枢神経系末梢神経系の構造や機能に悪影響を及ぼす毒性を指す[1]。ある物質、具体的には神経毒(neurotoxin)や神経毒性物質(neurotoxicant)に曝されることで、神経系の正常な活動が変化し、神経組織に恒久的または可逆的な損傷を与えることで発生する[1]。これにより、脳や神経系の他の部分で信号の伝達や処理を行う細胞であるニューロンが、最終的に破壊されたり、死滅したりする可能性がある。

神経毒性は、臓器移植放射線治療、特定の薬物療法娯楽的な薬物使用英語版重金属への暴露、特定種の毒蛇による咬傷殺虫剤[2][3]、特定の工業用洗浄溶剤[4]燃料[5]、特定の天然物質によって生じる可能性がある。症状は、曝露後すぐに現れる場合もあれば、遅れて現れる場合もある。症状には、手足の脱力感や痺れ、記憶力・視力・知力の低下、制御不能な強迫観念・強迫行為、妄想、頭痛、認知・行動障害、性機能障害などが挙げられる。家庭での慢性的な黴への曝露は、曝露後数ヵ月から数年は現れない神経毒性に繋がる可能性がある[6]。 上記の症状は全て、黴のマイコトキシンの蓄積と一致する[7]

多くの物質は、神経細胞の死を伴わずに神経認知機能英語版を低下させることがあるため、神経認知機能の低下だけでは、通常、神経毒性の十分な証拠とは見なされない。これは、物質の直接的な作用によるもので、障害や神経認知障害は一時的なものであり、その物質が体外に排出されると解消されることがある。また、特定の量や時間でのみ神経毒性を示す物質もあり、その濃度や暴露時間が重要な場合もある。薬物の長期使用によって神経毒性を引き起こす天然由来の脳毒素としては、βアミロイド(Aβ)、グルタミン酸ドーパミン酸素ラジカルなどが挙げられる。これらが高濃度で存在すると、神経毒性や細胞死(アポトーシス)に繋がる。細胞死に起因する症状としては、運動機能の低下、認知機能の低下、自律神経系の機能障害などが挙げられる。さらに、神経毒性は、アルツハイマー病(AD)などの神経変性疾患の主要な原因であることがわかっている[要出典]

作用機序

神経毒は神経系に悪影響を及ぼす化合物であるため、神経毒が機能するメカニズムとしては、ニューロンの細胞プロセスを阻害することが挙げられる。阻害されるプロセスは、膜の脱分極メカニズムからニューロン間のコミュニケーションまで多岐に渡る。神経細胞が期待された細胞内機能を果たしたり、隣接する細胞に信号を伝えたりする能力を阻害することで、神経毒は、ボツリヌス毒素の場合のように全身の神経系を停止させたり[8]、神経組織を死滅させたり[9]できる。神経毒に曝されてから症状が出るまでの時間は、ボツリヌス毒素の場合は数時間[10]の場合は数年[11]と、毒物によって異なる。

神経毒の分類 実例
Na+チャネル阻害 テトロドトキシン[12]
K+チャネル阻害 テトラエチルアンモニウム[13]
Cl-チャネル阻害 クロロトキシン英語版[14]
Ca2+チャネル阻害 コノトキシン[15]
シナプス小胞放出阻害 ボツリヌス毒素[16]テタヌストキシン[17]
受容体阻害 ブンガロトキシン英語版[18]クラーレ[19]
受容体作動 25I-NBOMe英語版[20]JWH-018英語版[21]5-MEO-DiPT
血液脳関門阻害 水銀[22]
細胞骨格干渉 ヒ素[23]アンモニア[24]
カルシウム媒介細胞傷害 [25]
多様な作用 エタノールおよびメタノール[26][27]
内因性神経毒源 一酸化窒素[28]グルタミン酸[29]ドーパミン[30]

予後

予後は、神経毒への曝露の期間や程度、神経障害の重症度によって異なる。場合によっては、神経毒や神経毒性物質への曝露が命取りになることもある。また、生存していても完全には回復しない場合もあり、治療後に完全に回復する場合もある[31]

関連項目

出典

  1. ^ a b Cunha-Oliveira, Teresa; Rego, Ana Cristina; Oliveira, Catarina R. (June 2008). “Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of opioid and psychostimulant drugs”. Brain Research Reviews 58 (1): 192–208. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.03.002. hdl:10316/4676. PMID 18440072. 
  2. ^ Keifer, Matthew C.; Firestone, Jordan (31 July 2007). “Neurotoxicity of Pesticides”. Journal of Agromedicine 12 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1300/J096v12n01_03. PMID 18032333. 
  3. ^ Costa, Lucio, G.; Giordano, G; Guizzetti, M; Vitalone, A (2008). “Neurotoxicity of pesticides: a brief review”. Frontiers in Bioscience 13 (13): 1240–9. doi:10.2741/2758. PMID 17981626. 
  4. ^ Sainio, Markku Alarik (2015). “Neurotoxicity of solvents”. Occupational Neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 131. pp. 93–110. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00007-X. ISBN 978-0-444-62627-1. PMID 26563785 
  5. ^ Ritchie, Glenn D.; Still, Kenneth R.; Alexander, William K.; Nordholm, Alan F.; Wilson, Cody L.; Rossi III, John; Mattie, David R. (1 July 2001). “A review of the neurotoxicity risk of selected hydrocarbon fuels”. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews 4 (3): 223–312. doi:10.1080/109374001301419728. PMID 11503417. 
  6. ^ Curtis, Luke; Lieberman, Allan; Stark, Martha; Rea, William; Vetter, Marsha (September 2004). “Adverse Health Effects of Indoor Molds”. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 14 (3): 261–274. doi:10.1080/13590840400010318. 
  7. ^ Kilburn, Kaye H. (2004). Role of Molds and Mycotoxins in Being Sick in Buildings: Neurobehavioral and Pulmonary Impairment. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 55. pp. 339–359. doi:10.1016/S0065-2164(04)55013-X. ISBN 978-0-12-002657-9. PMID 15350801 
  8. ^ Arnon, Stephen S.; Schechter, Robert; Inglesby, Thomas V.; Henderson, Donald A.; Bartlett, John G.; Ascher, Michael S.; Eitzen, Edward; Fine, Anne D. et al. (2001). “Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon”. The Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (8): 1059–069. doi:10.1001/jama.285.8.1059. PMID 11209178. 
  9. ^ Brocardo 2011
  10. ^ Thyagarajan, B.; Krivitskaya, N.; Potian, J. G.; Hognason, K.; Garcia, C. C.; McArdle, J. J. (2009). “Capsaicin Protects Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions from the Neuroparalytic Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin A.”. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 331 (2): 361–71. doi:10.1124/jpet.109.156901. PMC 2775269. PMID 19654265. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775269/. 
  11. ^ Lewendon, G.; Kinra, S.; Nelder, R.; Cronin, T. (2001). “Should Children with Developmental and Behavioural Problems Be Routinely Screened for Lead?”. Archives of Disease in Childhood 85 (4): 286–88. doi:10.1136/adc.85.4.286. PMC 1718950. PMID 11567935. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1718950/. 
  12. ^ Kiernan, Matthew C.; Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Cindy; Lin, S.-Y.; Burke, David; Bostock, Hugh (2005). “Acute Tetrodotoxin-induced Neurotoxicity after Ingestion of Puffer Fish”. Annals of Neurology 57 (3): 339–48. doi:10.1002/ana.20395. PMID 15732107. 
  13. ^ Haghdoost-Yazdi, Hashem; Faraji, Ayda; Fraidouni, Negin; Movahedi, Mohadeseh; Hadibeygi, Elham; Vaezi, Fatemeh (2011). “Significant Effects of 4-aminopyridine and Tetraethylammonium in the Treatment of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's Disease”. Behavioural Brain Research 223 (1): 70–74. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.021. PMID 21540059. 
  14. ^ DeBin, J. A.; Maggio, J. E.; Strichartz, G. R. (1993-02-01). “Purification and characterization of chlorotoxin, a chloride channel ligand from the venom of the scorpion” (英語). American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 264 (2): C361–C369. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.2.C361. ISSN 0363-6143. https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.2.C361. 
  15. ^ McCleskey, E. W. (1987). “Omega-conotoxin: Direct and Persistent Blockade of Specific Types of Calcium Channels in Neurons but Not Muscle”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84 (12): 4327–331. Bibcode1987PNAS...84.4327M. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.12.4327. PMC 305078. PMID 2438698. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305078/. 
  16. ^ Garcia-Rodriguez 2011
  17. ^ Williamson, Lura C.; Halpern, Jane L.; Montecucco, Cesare; Brown, J. E.; Neale, Elaine A. (1996). “Clostridial Neurotoxins and Substrate Proteolysis in Intact Neurons”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (13): 7694–699. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.13.7694. PMID 8631808. 
  18. ^ Dutertre, S.; Lewis, R. (2006). “Toxin Insights into Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors”. Biochemical Pharmacology 72 (6): 661–70. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.03.027. PMID 16716265. 
  19. ^ Siebler, M.; Koller, H.; Schmalenbach, C.; Muller, H. (1988). “GABA Activated Chloride Currents in Cultured Rat Hippocampal and Septal Region Neurons Can Be Inhibited by Curare and Atropine”. Neuroscience Letters 93 (2–3): 220–24. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90085-7. PMID 2468110. 
  20. ^ Rutgrere 2012
  21. ^ Roller 1994
  22. ^ Aschner, M.; Aschner, J. (1990). “Mercury Neurotoxicity: Mechanisms of Blood-brain Barrier Transport”. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 14 (2): 169–76. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80217-9. PMID 2190116. 
  23. ^ Defuria, Jason (2006) "The Environmental Neurotoxin Arsenic Impairs Neurofilament Dynamics by Overactivation of C-JUN Terminal Kinase: Potential Role for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." UMI, pp. 1–16.
  24. ^ Konopacka 2009
  25. ^ Bressler, J; Kim, KA; Chakraborti, T; Goldstein, G (1999). “Molecular mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity. [Review]”. Neurochem Res 24 (4): 595–600. doi:10.1023/A:1022596115897. PMID 10227691. 
  26. ^ Lovinger, D.; White, G.; Weight, F. (1989). “Ethanol Inhibits NMDA-activated Ion Current in Hippocampal Neurons”. Science 243 (4899): 1721–724. Bibcode1989Sci...243.1721L. doi:10.1126/science.2467382. PMID 2467382. https://zenodo.org/record/1230996. 
  27. ^ Leonard, B. E. (1986). “Is Ethanol a Neurotoxin?: the Effects of Ethanol on Neuronal Structure and Function”. Alcohol and Alcoholism 21 (4): 325–38. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044638. PMID 2434114. 
  28. ^ Garthwaite, John; Charles, Sarah L.; Chess-Williams, Russel (1988). “Endothelim-derived Relaxing Factor Release on Activation of NMDA Receptors Suggests Role as Intercellular Messenger in the Brain”. Nature 336 (24): 385–88. Bibcode1988Natur.336..385G. doi:10.1038/336385a0. PMID 2904125. 
  29. ^ Choi, D. W.; Rothman, S. M. (1990). “The Role of Glutamate Neurotoxicity in Hypoxic-Ischemic Neuronal Death”. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13 (1): 171–82. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.13.1.171. PMID 1970230. 
  30. ^ “Dopamine neurotoxicity: inhibition of mitochondrial respiration”. J. Neurochem. 64 (2): 718–23. (1995). doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64020718.x. PMID 7830065. 
  31. ^ National Research Council (1992). Environmental Neurotoxicology. ISBN 978-0-309-04531-5. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/1801/environmental-neurotoxicology [要ページ番号]

Read other articles:

MarsekalBirender Singh DhanoaPVSM, AVSM, YSM, VM, ADC Ketua Komite Kepala Staf ke-56Masa jabatan31 Mei 2019 – 27 September 2019PresidenRam Nath KovindPerdana MenteriNarendra Modi PendahuluSunil LanbaPenggantiBipin RawatKepala Staf Udara ke-25Masa jabatan31 Desember 2016 – 30 September 2019PresidenPranab MukherjeeRam Nath KovindPerdana MenteriNarendra Modi PendahuluArup RahaPenggantiRakesh Kumar Singh BhadauriaWakil Kepala Staf Udara ke-40Masa jabatan31 Mei 2015 –&...

 

Плюс снизу ◌̟˖ Изображение ◄ ◌̛ ◌̜ ◌̝ ◌̞ ◌̟ ◌̠ ◌̡ ◌̢ ◌̣ ► ◄ ˒ ˓ ˔ ˕ ˖ ˗ ˘ ˙ ˚ ► Характеристики Название ◌̟: combining plus sign below˖: modifier letter plus sign Юникод ◌̟: U+031F˖: U+02D6 HTML-код ◌̟‎: ̟ или ̟˖‎: ˖ или ˖ UTF-16 ◌̟‎: ...

 

Terminal MojosariTerminal Penumpang Tipe BPapan Nama Terminal MojosariLokasiJalan Brawijaya Nomor 231Dusun Wonogiri, Desa Tunggalpager, Kecamatan Pungging, Kabupaten MojokertoProvinsi Jawa TimurKodepos 61384IndonesiaKoordinat7°31′24″S 112°34′28″E / 7.523256°S 112.574504°E / -7.523256; 112.574504Koordinat: 7°31′24″S 112°34′28″E / 7.523256°S 112.574504°E / -7.523256; 112.574504PemilikPemerintah Kabupaten MojokertoOperatorDi...

.ua

.ua البلد أوكرانيا  الموقع الموقع الرسمي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   ua. هو نطاق إنترنت من صِنف مستوى النطاقات العُليا في ترميز الدول والمناطق، للمواقع التي تنتمي لأوكرانيا.[1][2] مراجع ^ النطاق الأعلى في ترميز الدولة (بالإنجليزية). ORSN [الإنجليزية]. Archived from the original on 2019-05...

 

Canadian Bus Terminal The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for geographic features. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Meadowvale Town Centre Bus Terminal – news · newspapers...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Sturm. Charles Sturm Charles Sturm à 19 ans, d'après un dessin au crayon de Colladon. Données clés Naissance 29 septembre 1803Genève Décès 18 décembre 1855 (à 52 ans)Vanves Nationalité France, puis République de Genève (1813), puis Suisse (1815), puis France (1833) Données clés Domaines mathématicien Institutions École polytechnique Renommé pour analyse (Théorème de Sturm, Théorie de Sturm-Liouville) Distinctions Prix de l'Académie ...

Method of burial used by Native Americans Stone box graves were a method of burial used by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture in the Midwestern United States and the Southeastern United States. Their construction was especially common in the Cumberland River Basin, in settlements found around present-day Nashville, Tennessee. Construction A stone box grave is a coffin of stone slabs arranged in a rectangular shape, into which a deceased individual was placed. Common materials used ...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento competizioni calcistiche non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Commento: Molte pagine di campionati regionali come queste vanno corrette con il nuovo modello di voce perché questa pagina è stata realizzata con modelli vecchi ed è obsoleta.In questa pagina sono da correggere:le squadre partecipanti, con la tabellina in cui non è più possibile linkare le squadre non enciclopediche alle città, la città va scritta nella riga inferiore con...

 

Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati dell'Alaska è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Toksook BaycityToksook Bay – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti Stato federato Alaska Census AreaBethel TerritorioCoordinate60°31′50″N 165°06′12″W / 60.530556°N 165.103333°W60.530556; -165.103333 (Toksook Bay)Coordinate: 60°31′50″N 165°06′12″W / 60.530556°N 165.103333°W60.530556...

CIA-backed deposition of Jacobo Árbenz 1954 Guatemalan coup d'étatPart of the Guatemalan Revolution and the Cold WarU.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (left, pictured here in 1956) with U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, the advocate of the coup d'étatDate18–27 June 1954LocationGuatemalaResult Rebel/U.S. government/military victory Jacobo Árbenz overthrown Guatemalan Revolution ended Military junta assumes powerBelligerents Guatemalan government Guatemalan military Guatemalan ...

 

Outfit worn by incarcerated people Striped prison uniform, contemporary design as used in the United States and other countries Inmates outfitted in common present-day prison uniforms (gray-white), US A prison uniform is a set of standardized clothing worn by prisoners. It usually includes visually distinct clothes worn to indicate the wearer is a prisoner, in clear distinction from civil clothing. Prison uniforms are intended to make prisoners instantly identifiable, limit risks through conc...

 

Peter AgrePeter Agre (2e à partir de la droite) en compagnie de cinq autres lauréats américains d'un prix Nobel de 2003 en compagnie du président américain George W. Bush.BiographieNaissance 30 janvier 1949 (75 ans)NorthfieldNationalité américaineFormation Augsburg UniversityRoosevelt High School (en)Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (en)Université Johns-HopkinsActivités Chimiste, professeur d'université, biologiste moléculaire, médecinAutres informationsA travaillé pour Univ...

Poolbar FestivalGéographiePays  AutricheCoordonnées 47° 14′ 04″ N, 9° 35′ 40″ EFonctionnementStatut FestivalIdentifiantsSite web poolbar.atmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Poolbar Festival est un festival musical et culturel d'été fondé en 1994. Le festival se consacre à la musique pop, à la mode, à l’architecture et au design, par des concerts, des courts métrages, des cabarets, du slam, des performances de mode… Le sit...

 

Oliver Makor Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Oliver Paul MakorTanggal lahir 9 Oktober 1973 (umur 50)Tempat lahir Monrovia, LiberiaTinggi 168 m (551 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang tengahInformasi klubKlub saat ini Persik KediriNomor 11Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol) 1991–1992 1993 1994 1994–1996 1996–1997 1997–1999 1999–2001 2001–2002 2002–2009 2010–2011 2012-kini Black Star Julius Berger FC Canon Yaoundé Grenoble Foot 38 Tours FC Limoges FC Proodefti...

 

Come leggere il tassoboxLepre bianca Stato di conservazione Rischio minimo Classificazione scientifica Dominio Eukaryota Regno Animalia Phylum Chordata Classe Mammalia Superordine Euarchontoglires (clade) Glires Ordine Lagomorpha Famiglia Leporidae Genere Lepus Sottogenere Lepus Specie L. timidus Nomenclatura binomiale Lepus timidusLinnaeus, 1758 Areale La lepre variabile o lepre bianca (Lepus timidus, Linnaeus, 1758) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi. Indice 1 Distribuzi...

Princess of Russia Princess Xenia GeorgievnaPortrait by Philip de László, c. 1920.Born(1903-08-22)22 August 1903Mikhailovich Palace, Saint Petersburg, Empire of RussiaDied17 September 1965(1965-09-17) (aged 62)Glen Cove, New York, U.S.Spouse William Bateman Leeds Jr. ​ ​(m. 1921; div. 1930)​ Herman Jud ​ ​(m. 1946)​ IssueNancy Leeds Wynkoop (1925–2006)HouseHolstein-Gottorp-RomanovFatherGrand Duke Geor...

 

1987 UK local government election 1987 Cambridge City Council election ← 1986 7 May 1987 (1987-05-07) 1988 → 15 out of 42 seats to Cambridge City Council22 seats needed for a majorityTurnout51.4% (4.8%)   First party Second party Third party   Party Labour Conservative Alliance Last election 21 seats, 37.5% 12 seats, 32.7% 9 seats, 28.1% Seats won 6 5 4 Seats after 19 13 10 Seat change 2 1 1 Popular vote 14,491 15,646 13,...

 

Swan SongsAlbum studio karya Epik HighDirilis5 Oktober 2005GenreK-pop, hip hop, rapBahasaKorea, InggrisLabelWoollim EntertainmentCJ MusicProduserEpik HighKronologi Epik High High Society(2004)High Society2004 Swan Songs(2005) Black Swan Songs(2006)Black Swan Songs2006 Swan Songs adalah album studio ketiga dari grup hip hop Korea Selatan, Epik High yang dirilis pada tahun 2005. Album ini menghadirkan variasi dan gabungan dari musik hip hop, electronica, rock dan jazz. Saat debut, album ini...

Norwegian municipal football stadium Aspmyra StadionUEFA LocationBodø, NorwayCoordinates67°16′36″N 14°23′4″E / 67.27667°N 14.38444°E / 67.27667; 14.38444OwnerBodø MunicipalityOperatorBodø/GlimtExecutive suites15Capacity8,270[1]Record attendance12,189Field size105 x 68 mSurfaceArtificial turfScoreboardLED video displayConstructionBroke ground1964Opened1966Renovated1980, 2008Expanded1999–2001Construction costNOK 140 million (1999–2001) (es...

 

Le parole perdutesingolo discograficoArtistaFiorella Mannoia Pubblicazione26 settembre 2014 Durata3:42 Album di provenienzaFiorella GenerePopElettropopDance pop EtichettaOyà, Epic Records, Sony Music ProduttoreCarlo Di Francesco Registrazione2014 FormatiCD, download digitale, streaming Fiorella Mannoia - cronologiaSingolo precedenteSempre sarai(2014)Singolo successivoPerfetti sconosciuti(2016) Le parole perdute è un singolo della cantante italiana Fiorella Mannoia, pubblicato nel 2014 in oc...