有若

有 若（ゆう じゃく）は、孔子の弟子の一人。

『論語』学而篇では有子（ゆうし）と呼ばれ、曾子・冉子・閔子[1]とならんで「子」がつけられていることから、重視されていたことがわかる。

略歴

『孔子家語』七十二弟子解によれば有若は魯の人で、字は子有であったという。

有若の生年は文献によって諸説あり、『史記』仲尼弟子列伝は孔子より43歳若いとし[2]、『史記索隠』に引く『孔子家語』では33歳若いとしていたという（現行の『孔子家語』では孔子より36歳若いとする）。没年については『礼記』檀弓の記事より、魯の悼公の時（在位前467年-前437年）に没したことがわかる。いずれにせよ紀元前6世紀後半の生まれ、紀元前5世紀中頃に没したことになる。

『孟子』滕文公上の伝えるところによると、有若は孔子に風貌が似ていたため、孔子の死後、子夏・子張・子游らが孔子のかわりに有若に仕えようとしたが、曾子がこれを批判したという。『史記』にも似た話があり、他の弟子がかつての孔子の言行について、有若に質問をしたが、有若が答えられなかったため、孔子のかわりにはできないと批判されたという。

また、王応麟は『困学紀聞』の中で曾子と有若を比較し、有若を低い評価としている[3]。

『論語』学而篇に有若の言葉が3回引かれている。「和を以て貴しとなす」[4]「孝弟なる者はそれ仁の本たるか」などは広く知られている。顔淵篇では哀公の問いに答えているが、有若と孔子との直接の対話は記録されていない。また、有若は政治学を学んでおり、政で活躍していた。

『春秋左氏伝』哀公8年の記事にも有若が登場する。

栄誉

清の乾隆3年（1738年）に、孔子の弟子の中で特にすぐれた12人（十二哲）のうちに加えられた[5]。

脚注

  1. ^ ただし閔子は閔子騫の脱字の可能性あり。金谷(1963）p.146 では閔子騫に作る
  2. ^ 『史記』 仲尼弟子列伝。「有若、少孔子四十三歳。」 
  3. ^ 王應麟 (2016年３月). 困学紀聞注. 中華書局 
  4. ^ 金谷(1963)では「以」の字がなく「和を貴しと為す」とする
  5. ^ 『大清会典事例』 巻四百三十六・先師廟制。https://archive.org/stream/02088531.cn#page/n46/mode/2up。「（乾隆）三年覆准、以有子若升配為十二哲、列殿内東序、在卜子商之次、東位西嚮。」 

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