日本脳炎ワクチン

日本脳炎ワクチン
日本脳炎ワクチン「エンセバック」
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日本脳炎ワクチン（にほんのうえんワクチン）は、日本脳炎の予防に使われるワクチンである[1]。ワクチンの効果は90%以上であるが[1]、抗体保有率に関しては明らかではなく、時間の経過に伴い効果が下がると思われる[1]。接種法は筋肉注射か皮下注射である[1]。 日本脳炎が発症する国家では、定期予防接種の一環として、ワクチンの接種を推奨している[1]。投与回数は、ワクチンの型によって異なるが1回または2回である[1]。一般的に日本脳炎がよく診られる地域では、再投与の必要はない[1]。後天性免疫不全症候群（HIV/AIDS）または妊娠中の人が予防接種を受ける場合は、不活化ワクチンを使うべきである[1]。日本脳炎が発症する地域で、屋外活動をする予定の旅行者への予防接種が推奨される[1]。

日本脳炎ワクチンは比較的安全なワクチンである[1]。投与の際、穿刺の赤みと痛みが起こり得る[1]。2015年までに15種類の日本脳炎ワクチンが開発されており、大きく分けて[1]:遺伝的組み換えDNA技術、生ワクチン、不活化ワクチンがある[1]。

日本脳炎ワクチンは1930年代から使われるようになった[2]。このワクチンはWHO必須医薬品モデル・リストに記載されており, 基礎的な医療制度で重要視されている医薬品である[3]。アメリカ合衆国では、100から200米ドルで予防接種が受けられる[4]。

2016年現在日本で用いられている日本脳炎ワクチン（乾燥細胞培養日本脳炎ワクチン）は、いずれも不活化ワクチンで、皮下投与される。日本脳炎ウイルス北京株をVero細胞（アフリカミドリザル腎臓由来株化細胞）で増殖させ、得られたウイルスを採取し、ホルマリンで不活化した後、硫酸プロタミンで処理し、超遠心法で精製し、安定剤を加え充填した後、凍結乾燥したものである。製造工程で、ウシ血清及びブタ由来トリプシンを使用している。

出典

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m “Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2015.”. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 90 (9): 69–87. (Feb 27, 2015). PMID 25726573. http://www.who.int/wer/2015/wer9009.pdf. 
  2. ^ Paulke-Korinek, M; Kollaritsch, H (2008). “Japanese encephalitis and vaccines: past and future prospects.”. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 120 (19-20 Suppl 4): 15–9. PMID 19066766. 
  3. ^ “19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)”. WHO (April 2015). May 10, 2015閲覧。
  4. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 315. ISBN 9781284057560 

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