序詞

序詞(じょことば、じょし)とは、主として和歌に見られる修辞法で、特定の語の前に置いて、比喩掛詞同音語などの関係に係る言葉のことである。

概要

比喩・懸詞・同音語などを用いて、主な主想の一部にかかり、主想を誘導する役割があるとされる[1]。同じような和歌の修辞法に枕詞がある[1]。両者の差異は、枕詞は五音ないし七音であるのに対して、序詞は2句から3句以上の長さであること、枕詞の用法は決まっているが、序詞は創作性に富んでいることである[1]。中国の少数民族の歌謡(ゼンジュ)にも序詞と似た発想が見られ、序詞はかつての東アジアの歌謡の技法を母体とする可能性が高い[2]

序詞は、古典和歌の全時代を通じて用いられ、『万葉集』の時点ですでに発展していた[1]。『古今和歌集』以後も盛んに用いられたが、『万葉集』に比べて精彩を欠くと言われる[1]

序詞には二種類の型が見られ、有心の序(うしんのじょ)と無心の序(むしんのじょ)がある。有心の序は意味でつながるもので、無心の序は発音でつながるものである。

序詞の例

有心の序

  • 秋づけば尾花が上に置く露の  ぬべくも吾は思ほゆるかも
    露が消えるように私も消える

無心の序

  • 風吹けば沖つ白波  たつた山夜半にや君がひとり越ゆらむ
    白波が「立つ」と「龍田山」の掛詞>

脚注

  1. ^ a b c d e 日本古典文学大辞典編集委員会『日本古典文学大辞典第3巻』岩波書店、1984年10月、418頁。 
  2. ^ 遠藤耕太郎『東アジアの歌の序詞的発想法』日本歌謡学会、2014年12月30日。doi:10.34421/kayo.54.0_47https://doi.org/10.34421/kayo.54.0_472021年10月28日閲覧 

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