国法学

国法学（こくほうがく、独: Staatsrecht、Staatsrechtslehre）は、ドイツにおいて国家学から生じた学問分野であり、国家を法学的に分析する学問である。

憲法学と同義に用いられることもあるが、特定の国家を前提としない一般的な基本原理（立憲の原則）を対象とする分野の意味で用いられることもあり、この場合は一般国家学（一般国法学、国法汎論、Allgemeine Staatslehre）とも呼ばれ、憲法学汎論や比較憲法学に近い。

森口繁治『憲法学原理』によれば、「国法学の研究対象は法であり、国法学は法の中、国家に関する法の意味を研究する学問である。即ち国法学は法上国家は如何なるものであるか、その国家は法上いかに意味付けられ、法的に如何なる構成と組織とを取るか、又いかなる作用を営むか等を研究する学科である」[1][2]。

日本の国法学

加藤弘之

自由主義からの転向後に進化論的国家有機体説の立場に立った加藤弘之が翻訳したヨハン・カスパー・ブルンチュリ『国法汎論』は、国家有機体説など日本の国家思想に影響を与えた。

戦前の東京帝国大学法科大学においては、憲法講座と国法学講座が並立して設けられた[3]。そのため、憲法学者が憲法、国法学、行政法の各講座を分担する形となっていた。日本人として最初の国法学講座担当者となったのは末岡精一であった。1894年に末岡が病死すると、後任は一木喜徳郎が務めることとなった。また、戦後には芦部信喜も講座を担当した。

主な日本の国法学者

→「Category:日本の憲法学者」も参照

本項では国法学講座の教員を挙げる[3][2]。

関連分野

主な文献

日本

ドイツ

関連項目

脚注

  1. ^ 森口繁治『憲法学原理』弘文堂書房、昭和8年
  2. ^ a b 工藤貴正「雷震と京都帝大教授・森口繁治」愛知県立大学外国語学部紀要52号
  3. ^ a b 高見勝利「講座担任者から見た憲法学説の諸相―日本憲法学史序説―」北大法学論集52巻3号(2001年)

参考文献

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