原子移動ラジカル重合

原子移動ラジカル重合(Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization, ATRP)とは、リビングラジカル重合法のひとつで、1995年にカーネギーメロン大学クリストフ・マテャシェフスキー [1]京都大学澤本光男[2]により同時期・独立に報告された。遷移金属錯体(一般には(I)錯体)を触媒有機ハロゲン化合物重合開始剤とするラジカル重合法であり、工業的にも利用されている。通常、略称のATRPで呼ばれる。

ATRP では、重合中のポリマー成長末端が、ラジカルを有する「活性種」とラジカルがハロゲン原子にキャップされた「ドーマント種」の間で平衡にあり、この平衡がドーマント種の側に大きく偏っていて反応系中のラジカル濃度が低く保たれている。そのため、ラジカル同士が反応してしまう二分子停止反応が抑えられ、リビング性が達成されている。

特徴

構成要素

モノマー

ビニルモノマーとして、スチレン誘導体アクリレートメタクリレートアクリル酸メタクリル酸アクリロニトリルなど。水酸基アミノ基を有するモノマーも使用できる。

開始剤

α-クロロケトンなどの有機ハロゲン化合物

触媒

遷移金属錯体錯体がコストと重合効率の点で優れており、アミンイミン系の多座配位子を有する銅(I)錯体が一般に用いられる。

反応溶媒

トルエン酢酸エチルアセトンDMFアルコールなど、様々な溶媒が使用可能。溶媒を使用しない塊状重合や、乳化重合懸濁重合も可能。

反応機構

  1. 開始剤(有機ハロゲン化合物)の炭素ハロゲン結合がラジカル的に開裂し、ハロゲン原子が触媒の金属原子上に移動する。
  2. 生じた開始剤のラジカルがビニルモノマーの二重結合に付加する。
  3. 付加によって新たに生じたラジカル活性種は、触媒の金属原子上のハロゲン原子を引き抜くことでドーマント種(反応を停止している分子の事で、その反対をアクティブ種という。)になる。活性種とドーマント種は平衡状態にあるが、平衡はドーマント種に大きく偏っている。低濃度で存在する活性種のラジカル末端がビニルモノマーへ付加しポリマーが成長する。

2, 3 が繰り返されることで高分子量のリビングポリマーが生成する。

参考文献

  1. ^ (I)錯体を用いる方法。Wang, Jin-Shan; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof (1995), “Controlled/"living" radical polymerization. atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of transition-metal complexes”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (20): 5614-5615, doi:10.1021/ja00125a035 .
  2. ^ ルテニウム(II)錯体を用いる方法。Kato, Mitsuru; Kamigaito, Masami; Sawamoto, Mitsuo; Higashimura, Toshinobu (1995), “Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with the Carbon Tetrachloride/Dichlorotris- (triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)/Methylaluminum Bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) Initiating System: Possibility of Living Radical Polymerization”, Macromolecules 28 (5): 1721-1723, doi:10.1021/ma00109a056 .
  • 総説論文
  1. Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof; Xia, Jianhui (2001), “Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization”, Chem. Rev. 101 (9): 2921-2990, doi:10.1021/cr940534g 
  2. Pintauer, Tomislav; Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof (2008), “Atom transfer radical addition and polymerization reactions catalyzed by ppm amounts of copper complexes”, Chem. Soc. Rev. 37: 1087-1097, doi:10.1039/b714578k 

Read other articles:

Jacek Krzynówek Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Jacek KrzynówekTanggal lahir 15 Mei 1976 (umur 47)Tempat lahir Kamieńsk, PolandiaTinggi 1,79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain GelandangKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1994–1996 RKS Radomsko 9 (1)1996–1997 Raków Częstochowa 17 (0)1997–1999 GKS Bełchatów 61 (11)1999–2004 1. FC Nuremberg 142 (28)2004–2006 Bayer Leverkusen 52 (9)2006–2009 VfL Wolfsburg 55 (7)2009–2010 Hannover 96 14 (2)Tim nasional19...

 

Sécheresse de 1976 en EuropeAnomalie de température en juin.LocalisationRégions affectées EuropeCaractéristiquesType Sécheresse, caniculeDate 1976modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La sécheresse de 1976 en Europe a affecté une partie de l'Europe entre l'automne 1975 et l'été 1976[1]. Causes de la sécheresse Dès décembre 1975, l'anticyclone des Açores, à 1 035 hPa, est remonté vers le nord, au large de l'Irlande, et se trouve donc très proche de son homo...

 

Chemical compound Not to be confused with acetohexamide or methazolamide. AcetazolamideClinical dataTrade namesDiamox, Diacarb, othersAHFS/Drugs.comMonographPregnancycategory AU: B3 Routes ofadministrationBy mouth, intravenousDrug classCarbonic anhydrase inhibitorATC codeS01EC01 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: ℞-only UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding70–90%[1]MetabolismNone&...

American professional soccer player (born 1992) Emily Menges Menges with the Thorns in September 2016Personal informationFull name Emily Townsend Menges[1]Date of birth (1992-07-28) July 28, 1992 (age 31)Place of birth Garden City, New York, United StatesHeight 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Bay FCNumber 4Youth career Albertson Fury '91College careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2010–2013 Georgetown Hoyas 84 (0)Senior career*Years Team ...

 

HTC Desireمعلومات عامةالنوع Smartphoneالصانع HTCالوظائفالشاشة شاشة لمس, 800 × 480 بك, 3,7, WVGA ، شاشة المصفوفة العضوية النشطة ذات الصمام الثنائي الباعث للضوء ، SuperLCDالكاميرا 5 ميغا بك + فلاش صمام ثنائي باعث للضوء والضبط التلقائيالخصائصالمعالج الرئيسي كوالكوم Snapdragon QSD 8250, 1000معالج رسومي Adreno 200...

 

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...

Axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain Commissural fiberCoronal cross-section of brain showing the corpus callosum at top and the anterior commissure belowDetailsIdentifiersLatinfibra commissuralis, fibrae commissurales telencephaliNeuroNames1220TA98A14.1.00.017 A14.1.09.569TA25603FMA75249Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy[edit on Wikidata] The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In contrast to commissural fibers, ass...

 

الشماع تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب  الجهة الرباط سلا القنيطرة الإقليم سيدي قاسم الدائرة تلال الغرب الجماعة القروية سيدي أحمد بنعيسى المشيخة سيدي قاسم بن جميل السكان التعداد السكاني 176 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)   • عدد الأسر 19 معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي)[1]،  و�...

 

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (January 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or lo...

Manito Park and Botanical GardensManito Park's Duncan GardenTypeUrban parkLocationSpokane, WashingtonCoordinates47°38′09″N 117°24′42″W / 47.6357°N 117.4117°W / 47.6357; -117.4117Area90 acres (360,000 m2)CreatedApril 1904Operated bySpokane Parks and Recreation DepartmentStatusOpen year round (daily 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.)Public transit accessSpokane Transit AuthorityWebsitemy.spokanecity.org/parks/major/manito/[1] Manito Park and Botanical Garde...

 

Immunisation programme against COVID-19 in Bangladesh Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh Bangladesh COVID-19 vaccination programPercentage of the population vaccinated with at least one dose as of January 17, 2022Date27 January 2021 (2021-01-27) – present (mass vaccination started on 7 Feb 2021)[1][2]Location BangladeshCauseCOVID-19 pandemicTargetImmunization against COVID-19Budget৳14,000 Crore (US$1.68 billion)Organized byDGHSMoHFWICDDRDGDAPartic...

 

Discrimination in military enlistment Soviet conscripts, Moscow, 1941 Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Men have been subjected to military drafts in most cases. Currently only two countries conscript women and men on the same formal conditions: Norway and Sweden.[1] Opponents of discrimination against men,[2][3]: 102 [who?] including some femini...

شارنوز-سور-أين    شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالفرنسية: Charnoz-sur-Ain)‏(بالفرنسية: Charnoz)‏(بالفرنسية: Charnoz)‏[1]    الإحداثيات 45°51′51″N 5°13′21″E / 45.864166666667°N 5.2225°E / 45.864166666667; 5.2225 [2]  [3] تقسيم إداري  البلد فرنسا[4]  التقسيم الأعلى آن  خصائص جغرافية...

 

Association football club in Scotland Football clubThe SwiftsFull nameInverkeithing Hillfield Swifts Football ClubNickname(s)SwiftsFounded1996GroundDalgety Bay Sports Centre,Harbour Drive,Dalgety Bay[1]Capacity800ChairmanCraig ReidManagerJason McCrindleLeagueEast of Scotland League First Division2023–24East of Scotland League Premier Division, 14th of 16 (relegated)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Inverkeithing Hillfield Swifts Football Club are a Scottish football club...

 

Abjad PahlaviKata Ērānšahr dalam abjad PahlaviJenis aksara Abjad dengan sedikit berciri logogram BahasaIran PertengahanPeriodeabad ke-2 SM–abad ke-7 M[1]Arah penulisanKanan ke kiriAksara terkaitSilsilahHieroglif MesirAbjad Proto-SinaiAbjad FenisiaAbjad AramAbjad PahlaviAksara turunanAlfabet AvestaISO 15924ISO 15924Phli, , ​Pahlavi Inskrisional  (Inscriptional Pahlavi) Prti, 130 (Inscriptional Parthian) Phlp, 132 (Psalter Pahlavi) Phlv...

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kendira – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Bejaia, AlgeriaKendiraCountryAlgeriaProvinceBejaiaTime zoneUTC+1 (West Africa Time) Kendira is a commune in northern Algeria in the Béjaïa Province. Algeria...

 

Head of government of North MacedoniaThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Prime Minister of North Macedonia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)President of the Government of the Republic of North MacedoniaПретседател н�...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Az-Zahir et Sayf ad-Dîn. Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’histoire et une personnalité égyptienne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Az-Zâhir Sayf ad-Dîn BarquqFonctionsSultan mamelouk burjiteÉgypte1390-1399As-Sâlih Zayn ad-Dîn HajjiAn-Nâsir Faraj ben BarquqSultan mamelouk burjiteÉgypte1382-1389As-Sâlih Zayn ad-Dîn HajjiAs-Sâlih Zayn ad-Dîn...

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando la competizione motociclistica, vedi Gran Premio motociclistico del Sudafrica. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento Formula 1 non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Gran Premio del SudafricaSport Automobilismo CategoriaFormula 1 FederazioneFIA Paese Sudaf...

 

Turkish–Belgian pianist, composer, conductor, writer and educator David Ezra Okonşar David Ezra Okonşar (Turkish pronunciation: [oˈkonʃaɾ]; born 20 October 1961) is a Turkish–Belgian pianist, composer, conductor, writer, and educator. He was previously known as Mehmet Okonşar. Biography David Ezra Okonşar was born in Istanbul (Turkey) with the first name Mehmet, and lived in Paris during his early schooling. He began to study piano at the Hacettepe University Ankara State C...