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セミ科
	Neotibicen
分類
学名
	Cicadidae Latreille, 1802
和名
	セミ科

セミ科（学名: Cicadidae、英: true cicadas^[1]）はセミの中でも最大の科で、世界中に3,200種が分布する。最古の明確な化石は暁新世である。白亜紀の琥珀の中から見つかっている若虫もセミ科の可能性があるが、ムカシゼミ科の可能性もある^[2]。

特徴

サイズは昆虫の中では大きく、膜状の翅を持ち、頭部先端には3角形を形成する3つの単眼をもち、短く剛毛状の触角を持つ^[3]。

生活環

成虫の出現パタンによって2グループに分けられる。毎年ゼミは、2年以上幼虫で過ごすが、個体発生は地域的に揃わないため、成虫は毎年出現する。一方の周期ゼミは成長するのに複数年かかるのは同じだが、個体群の成長サイクルは地域内ではほぼ同一となり、成虫が出現しない年が何年か続く。最も有名な周期ゼミはMagicicada属で、13年または17年ごとに成虫が現れる^[4]。

生態

コミュニケーション

セミは空気を切り裂くような大きな鳴き声で知られるが、これはオスがメスを引き寄せるためのものである。セミ科の一種Brevisana brevisは世界で最も大きな音を発する昆虫であり、100デシベルを超える鳴き声を出すことができる^[5]。オスのセミは4タイプの音響シグナルを出すことができる。songs、calls、low-amplitude songs、disturbance soundsである^[6]。翅を擦り合わせて音を出す直翅類の昆虫（コオロギやキリギリスなど）と違い、セミ科の昆虫はtymbalと呼ばれる腹部の膜組織を改変したものを用いて音を出す。音を出すため、それぞれのtymbalは付着する筋肉によって内側に引き寄せられ、硬い膜の形が崩れることで「カチッ」という音が発生する^[7]。

繁殖

地中から出てきたセミの幼虫は、木に登り、羽化する。オスはメスを引き寄せるために大声でなく。メスがオスに反応する際、翅を軽く打ち、「カチッ」と音を発する。1度メスのパートナーを見つけると、オスの鳴き声が変わり、交尾ペアであることを示すものになる^[8]。

分類

→「セミ § 分類」も参照

セミ科はセミ上科に属す2科のうち1科である。セミ上科はカメムシ目頸吻亜目（Auchenorrhyncha）に属す。セミ科には5亜科がある^[9]^[10]。

Subfamily Cicadettinae チッチゼミ亜科 Buckton, 1890

Tribe Aragualnini Sanborn, 2018
Tribe Carinetini Distant, 1905
Tribe Chlorocystini クロイワゼミ族 Distant, 1905 - クロイワゼミ
Tribe Cicadatrini Distant, 1905
Tribe Cicadettini チッチゼミ族 Buckton, 1890 - チッチゼミ、エゾチッチゼミ
Tribe Katoini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Lamotialnini Boulard, 1976
Tribe Nelcyndanini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Pagiphorini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Parnisini Distant, 1905
Tribe Pictilini Moulds & Hill, 2018
Tribe Prasiini Matsumura, 1917
Tribe Taphurini Distant, 1905

Subfamily Cicadinae Latreille, 1802

Tribe Antankariini Sanborn, 2021
Tribe Arenopsaltriini Moulds, 2018
Tribe Ayuthiini Moulds, Lee, and Marshall, 2021
Tribe Burbungini Moulds, 2005
Tribe Cicadini Latreille, 1802
Tribe Cicadmalleuini Boulard & Puissant, 2013
Tribe Cosmopsaltriini Kato, 1932
Tribe Cryptotympanini クマゼミ族 Handlirsch, 1925^{[注釈 1]} - エゾゼミ、コエゾゼミ、アカエゾゼミ、キュウシュウエゾゼミ、クマゼミ、ヤエヤマクマゼミ、スジアカクマゼミ
Tribe Cyclochilini Distant, 1904
Tribe Distantadini Orian, 1963
Tribe Dundubiini Distant, 1905^{[注釈 2]}
Tribe Durangonini ツクツクボウシ族 Moulds & Marshall, 2018 - ツクツクボウシ、クロイワツクツク、オオシマゼミ、イワサキゼミ、オガサワラゼミ、コマゼミ、テイオウゼミ
Tribe Fidicinini Distant, 1905
Tribe Gaeanini Distant, 1905
Tribe Jassopsaltriini Moulds, 2005
Tribe Kimberpsaltriini Moulds, Marshall, and Popple, 2021
Tribe Lahugadini Distant, 1905
Tribe Leptopsaltriini ヒグラシ族 Moulton, 1923 - ヒグラシ、ハルゼミ、エゾハルゼミ、ヒメハルゼミ
Tribe Macrotristriini Moulds, 2018
Tribe Oncotympanini Ishihara, 1961
Tribe Platypleurini ニイニイゼミ族 Schmidt, 1918^{[注釈 3]} - ニイニイゼミ、クロイワニイニイ、ミヤコニイニイ、ヤエヤマニイニイ、イシガキニイニイ、チョウセンケナガニイニイ
Tribe Plautillini Distant, 1905
Tribe Polyneurini アブラゼミ族 Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 - アブラゼミ、リュウキュウアブラゼミ
Tribe Psaltodini Moulds, 2018
Tribe Psithyristriini タイワンヒグラシ族 Distant, 1905 - タイワンヒグラシ
Tribe Sonatini ミンミンゼミ族 Lee, 2010 - ミンミンゼミ
Tribe Tacuini Distant, 1904^{[注釈 4]} - タクアスペキオサ
Tribe Talcopsaltriini Moulds, 2008
Tribe Tamasini Moulds, 2005
Tribe Thophini Distant, 1904
Tribe Tosenini Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
Tribe Zammarini Distant, 1905

Subfamily Tettigomyiinae Distant, 1905

Tribe Hovanini Sanborn, Moulds & Marshall, 2020
Tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1983^{[注釈 5]}
Tribe Malagasiini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Tettigomyiini Distant, 1905
Tribe Ydiellini Boulard, 1973

Subfamily Tibicininae Distant, 1905

Tribe Citroriginini Sanborn, 2021
Tribe Chilecicadini Sanborn, 2014
Tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905
Tribe Platypediini Kato, 1932
Tribe Sapantangini Sanborn, Moulds, & Marshall, 2020
Tribe Selymbriini Moulds & Marshall, 2018
Tribe Tettigadini Distant, 1905
Tribe Tibicinini Distant, 1905

Subfamily Derotettiginae Moulds, 2019 ^[14]

Tribe Derotettigini Moulds, 2019

注釈

^ Synonomised with Tacuini Distant, 1904 by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38).^[9] Tacuini has date priority.
^ Sinosenini Boulard, 1975, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of subtribe Dundubiina Distant, 1905.^[11]
^ Orapini Boulard, 1985, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Platypleurini Schmidt, 1918.^[12]
^ Synonomised with Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925 by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38).^[9] Tacuini has date priority.
^ Lacetasini Moulds and Marshall, 2018, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Iruanini Boulard, 1983.^[13]

脚注

^ Pons, Pere (December 2020). “True cicadas (Cicadidae) as prey for the birds of the Western Palearctic: a review”. Avian Research 11 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s40657-020-00200-1.
^ Moulds, M. S. (22 June 2018). “Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae”. Zootaxa 4438 (3): 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130.
^ “Family Cicadidae”. 2023年1月6日閲覧。
^ “Periodical Cicadas”. 2023年1月6日閲覧。
^ “Loudest | Science Literacy and Outreach | Nebraska”. 2023年1月6日閲覧。
^ Cocroft, Reginald B.; Pogue, Michael (1996). “Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)”. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69 (4): 85–97. JSTOR 25085708.
^ Young, D; Bennet-Clark, H (1 April 1995). “The role of the tymbal in cicada sound production”. Journal of Experimental Biology 198 (4): 1001–1020. doi:10.1242/jeb.198.4.1001. PMID 9318802.
^ "Amazing Cicada Life Cycle."Youtube, uploaded by BBC Studios, 24 Oct. 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjLiWy2nT7U
^ ^a ^b ^c Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; Wade, Elizabeth J.; Owen, Christopher L.; Goemans, Geert; Marathe, Kiran et al. (28 May 2018). “A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification”. Zootaxa 4424 (1): 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.
^ Simon, Chris; Gordon, Eric R L; Moulds, M S; Cole, Jeffrey A; Haji, Diler; Lemmon, Alan R; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Kortyna, Michelle et al. (6 December 2019). “Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120.
^ Hill, Kathy B. R.; Marshall, David C.; Marathe, Kiran; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Lee, Young June; Pham, Thai-Hong; Mohagan, Alma B.; Sarkar, Vivek et al. (2021). “The molecular systematics and diversification of a taxonomically unstable group of Asian cicada tribes related to Cicadini Latreille, 1802 (Hemiptera : Cicadidae)”. Invertebrate Systematics 35 (5): 570. doi:10.1071/IS20079.
^ Price, Benjamin W.; Marshall, David C.; Barker, Nigel P.; Simon, Chris; Villet, Martin H. (October 2019). “Out of Africa? A dated molecular phylogeny of the cicada tribe Platypleurini Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a focus on African genera and the genus Platypleura Amyot & Audinet‐Serville”. Systematic Entomology 44 (4): 842–861. doi:10.1111/syen.12360.
^ Sanborn, Allen F.; Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Puissant, Stéphane; Simon, Chris (2 March 2020). “Redefinition of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905, status of the tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1993 rev. stat., and the establishment of Hovanini n. tribe and Sapantangini n. tribe (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)”. Zootaxa 4747 (1): 133–155. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.5. PMID 32230121.
^ Simon, Chris; Gordon, Eric R. L.; Moulds, Max S.; Cole, Jerrrey A.; Haji, Diler; Lemmon, Alan R.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Kortyna, Michelle et al. (2019). “Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford University Press) 128 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120.

外部リンク

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、セミ科に関するメディアがあります。
ウィキスピーシーズには、セミ科に関する情報があります。

[11] Synonomised with Tacuini Distant, 1904 by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38).^[9] Tacuini has date priority.

[13] Sinosenini Boulard, 1975, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of subtribe Dundubiina Distant, 1905.^[11]

[15] Orapini Boulard, 1985, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Platypleurini Schmidt, 1918.^[12]

[16] Synonomised with Cryptotympanini Handlirsch, 1925 by Marshall et al. (2018 p. 38).^[9] Tacuini has date priority.

[18] Lacetasini Moulds and Marshall, 2018, is now recognized as a subjective junior synonym of Iruanini Boulard, 1983.^[13]

[1] Pons, Pere (December 2020). “True cicadas (Cicadidae) as prey for the birds of the Western Palearctic: a review”. Avian Research 11 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s40657-020-00200-1.

[2] Moulds, M. S. (22 June 2018). “Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae”. Zootaxa 4438 (3): 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130.

[3] “Family Cicadidae”. 2023年1月6日閲覧。

[4] “Periodical Cicadas”. 2023年1月6日閲覧。

[5] “Loudest | Science Literacy and Outreach | Nebraska”. 2023年1月6日閲覧。

[6] Cocroft, Reginald B.; Pogue, Michael (1996). “Social Behavior and Communication in the Neotropical Cicada Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)”. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69 (4): 85–97. JSTOR 25085708.

[7] Young, D; Bennet-Clark, H (1 April 1995). “The role of the tymbal in cicada sound production”. Journal of Experimental Biology 198 (4): 1001–1020. doi:10.1242/jeb.198.4.1001. PMID 9318802.

[8] "Amazing Cicada Life Cycle."Youtube, uploaded by BBC Studios, 24 Oct. 2008, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjLiWy2nT7U

[Marshall_et_al._2018-9] Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; Wade, Elizabeth J.; Owen, Christopher L.; Goemans, Geert; Marathe, Kiran et al. (28 May 2018). “A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification”. Zootaxa 4424 (1): 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.

[10] Simon, Chris; Gordon, Eric R L; Moulds, M S; Cole, Jeffrey A; Haji, Diler; Lemmon, Alan R; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Kortyna, Michelle et al. (6 December 2019). “Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120.

[12] Hill, Kathy B. R.; Marshall, David C.; Marathe, Kiran; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Lee, Young June; Pham, Thai-Hong; Mohagan, Alma B.; Sarkar, Vivek et al. (2021). “The molecular systematics and diversification of a taxonomically unstable group of Asian cicada tribes related to Cicadini Latreille, 1802 (Hemiptera : Cicadidae)”. Invertebrate Systematics 35 (5): 570. doi:10.1071/IS20079.

[14] Price, Benjamin W.; Marshall, David C.; Barker, Nigel P.; Simon, Chris; Villet, Martin H. (October 2019). “Out of Africa? A dated molecular phylogeny of the cicada tribe Platypleurini Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a focus on African genera and the genus Platypleura Amyot & Audinet‐Serville”. Systematic Entomology 44 (4): 842–861. doi:10.1111/syen.12360.

[17] Sanborn, Allen F.; Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Maxwell S.; Puissant, Stéphane; Simon, Chris (2 March 2020). “Redefinition of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905, status of the tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1993 rev. stat., and the establishment of Hovanini n. tribe and Sapantangini n. tribe (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)”. Zootaxa 4747 (1): 133–155. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4747.1.5. PMID 32230121.

[ref8-19] Simon, Chris; Gordon, Eric R. L.; Moulds, Max S.; Cole, Jerrrey A.; Haji, Diler; Lemmon, Alan R.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Kortyna, Michelle et al. (2019). “Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford University Press) 128 (4): 865–886. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz120.

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[10]

[注釈 1]

[注釈 2]

[注釈 3]

[注釈 4]

[注釈 5]

[14]

[11]

[12]

[13]

PROFILPELAJAR.COM

セミ科

特徴

生活環

生態

コミュニケーション

繁殖

分類

注釈

脚注

外部リンク

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