ガウス雑音

ガウス雑音（ガウスざつおん）は正規分布（ガウス分布ともいう）と等しい確率密度関数を持つ統計的雑音^[1]^[2]。言い換えると、ノイズがとる値がガウス分布であるということである。

ガウス確率変数を $z$ とする確率密度関数 $p$ は以下のようになる。

p_{\mathrm {G} }(z)={\frac {1}{\sigma {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\exp \left(-{\frac {(z-\mu )^{2}}{2\sigma ^{2}}}\right)

$z$ は階調レベルを、 $\mu$ は平均値を、 $\sigma$ は標準偏差を表す^[3]。

特殊な場合は白色ガウス雑音と呼ばれる。これは任意の時間の組み合わせの値が同分布であり、統計的に独立である（よって無相関である）場合である。通信路のテストやモデリングの際には、加算性白色ガウス雑音を生成するために、付加白色雑音としてガウス雑音が使用される。

電気通信及びコンピュータネットワークにおいては、通信路は導体中の原子の熱振動（熱雑音もしくはジョンソン・ナイキスト・ノイズと呼ばれる）などの多くの自然発生源、ショットノイズ、地球や他の温かい物体による黒体輻射、太陽などによる天体源による広帯域のガウスノイズの影響を受ける可能性がある。

ディジタル画像におけるガウス雑音

ディジタル画像におけるガウス雑音の主な発生源は、画像の取得中に生じる。原因は照明が不十分、高温であることによるセンサノイズや送信中の電子回路ノイズである^[3]。ディジタル画像処理においては、ガウス雑音は空間フィルタを用いて低減することができる。画像をなめらかにする場合は、細かい画像エッジや細部が遮断した高周波にも対応しているため、それらのぼけができてしまうという望まない結果になる恐れがある。ノイズ除去を行う従来の空間フィルタリング技術には、平均（畳み込み）フィルタリング、メディアンフィルタリング、ガウシアンぼかしがある^[1]^[4]。

脚注

^ ^a ^b Tudor Barbu (2013). “Variational Image Denoising Approach with Diffusion Porous Media Flow”. Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013: 8. doi:10.1155/2013/856876.
^ Barry Truax: “Handbook for Acoustic Ecology”. Cambridge Street Publishing (1999年). 2012年8月5日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Philippe Cattin (2012年4月24日). “Image Restoration: Introduction to Signal and Image Processing”. MIAC, University of Basel. 11 October 2013閲覧。
^ “Image Synthesis — Noise Generation”. 11 October 2013閲覧。

Read other articles:

USS Providence (1775)

Sloop-of-war of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Providence. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) History United States Name Katy (1775) USS Providence (1775–1779) BuilderJohn Brown of Providence, Rhode Island[1] Cost$1250 Launched1775 Acq...

Circolo Sportivo Ponziana Trieste 1950-1951

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Circolo Sportivo Ponziana 1912. Circolo Sportivo Ponziana TriesteStagione 1950-1951Sport calcio SquadraCircolo Sportivo Ponziana 1912 Allenatore Pietro Pasinati Presidente Tullio Rilotta Serie C14º posto nel girone B. 1949-1950 1951-1952 Si invita a seguire il modell...

New Zealand and the United Nations

New Zealand United Nations membershipMembershipFull memberSince26 June 1945 (26 June 1945)UNSC seatNon-permanentPermanent RepresentativeCarolyn Schwalger[1] Politics of New Zealand Constitution The Crown Monarch King Charles III Governor-General (list) Cindy Kiro Realm of New Zealand Executive government List of governments (current) Cabinet Ministers Prime Minister (list) Christopher Luxon Executive Council State services departments Legislature54th New Zealand Parliament ...

William H. Starbuck

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) William StarbuckBorn (1934-09-20) September 20, 1934 (age 89)[1]Portland, Indiana[1]Known forSelf-Designing OrganizationsManagement Psychology StudiesScientific careerFieldsCognitive PsychologistOrganizational BehaviorOrganizati...

Civray (Vienne)

Civraycomune Civray – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Nuova Aquitania Dipartimento Vienne ArrondissementMontmorillon CantoneCivray TerritorioCoordinate46°09′N 0°18′E / 46.15°N 0.3°E46.15; 0.3 (Civray)Coordinate: 46°09′N 0°18′E / 46.15°N 0.3°E46.15; 0.3 (Civray) Superficie8,71 km² Abitanti3 013[1] (2009) Densità345,92 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale86400 Fuso orarioUTC+1 Codice INSEE86078...

Équipe d'Israël de football

Cet article traite de l'équipe masculine. Pour l'équipe féminine, voir Équipe d'Israël féminine de football. Équipe d'Israël Généralités Association IFA Confédération AFC (1954-1974)OFC (1985-1989)UEFA (1980-1981, 1991-2024) CONMEBOL (2024-) Couleurs Bleu et Blanc Surnom התכולים-לבנים (Les Bleus-Blancs)הנבחרת (L'équipe choisie) Stade principal Stade TeddyStade Sammy-OferStade BloomfieldStade TurnerStade de Netanya Classement FIFA 75e (15 février 2024)[1] Pers...

إبراهيم يسري (ممثل)

إبراهيم يسري معلومات شخصية الميلاد 20 أبريل 1950 القاهرة الوفاة 20 أبريل 2015 (65 سنة) الجيزة سبب الوفاة قصور كلوي مواطنة مصر الأولاد هنا يسريمحمد يسري الحياة العملية المهنة ممثل اللغة الأم العربية اللغات العربية سنوات النشاط 1984 -2015 المواقع IMDB صف...

ADM-160 MALD

ADM-160 MALD (Miniature Air-Launched Decoy) adalah sebuah rudal umpan yang dikembangkan oleh Amerika Serikat. Varian ADM-160A MALI ADM-160B ADM-160C MALD-J MALD-V Referensi lbsSistem penggolongan peluru kendali dan drone trimatra Amerika Serikat tahun 19621–50 MGM-1 RIM-2 MIM-3 AIM-4 MGM-5 RGM-6 AIM-7/RIM-7 RIM-8 AIM-9 CIM-10 PGM-11 AGM-12 CGM-13/MGM-13 MIM-14 RGM-15 CGM-16 PGM-17 MGM-18 PGM-19 ADM-20 MGM-21 AGM-22 MIM-23 RIM-24 HGM-25A/LGM-25C AIM-26 UGM-27 AGM-28 MGM-29 LGM-30 MGM-31 MGM...

Buxton F.C.

Association football club in Buxton, England Football clubBuxtonFull nameBuxton Football ClubNickname(s)The BucksFounded1877GroundThe Silverlands, BuxtonCapacity4,000 (490 seated)ChairmanDavid HopkinsManagerJohn McGrathLeagueNational League North2023–24National League North, 14th of 24WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Buxton Football Club is a football club based in Buxton, Derbyshire, England. They are currently members of the National League North and play at the Silverlands. ...

National Highway 166G (India)

National Highway in India National Highway 166GMap of National Highway 166G in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of NH 66Length84 km (52 mi)Major junctionsWest endTaleraEast endKolhapur LocationCountryIndiaStatesMaharashtra Highway system Roads in India Expressways National State Asian ← NH 66→ NH 48 National Highway 166G, commonly referred to as NH 166G is a national highway in India.[1][2] It is a secondary route of National Highway 66.[3&#...

Малахитовая шкатулка

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Малахитовая шкатулка (значения). Малахитовая шкатулка Жанр сказы Автор Павел Бажов Язык оригинала русский Дата написания 1936—1945 Дата первой публикации 1936—1945 Медиафайлы на Викискладе «Малахитовая шкатулка» («Уральски...

Mister Terrific (Michael Holt)

DC comics character Comics character Michael HoltMichael Holt as Mister Terrific as he appeared on a splash page of The Terrifics #4 (May 2018).Art by Evan Doc Shaner.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceSpectre (vol. 3) #54Created byJohn OstranderTom MandrakeIn-story informationAlter egoDr. Michael Curtis HoltSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsJustice Society of AmericaCheckmateTerrificsJustice LeagueAbilities Genius-level intellect Proficient scientist, engineer, and physician...

Brian Schwalb

Attorney General of the District of Columbia (2023-) Brian SchwalbAttorney General for the District of ColumbiaIncumbentAssumed office January 2, 2023MayorMuriel BowserPreceded byKarl Racine Personal detailsBorn1967 (age 56–57)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseMickieChildren3EducationDuke University (BA)Harvard University (JD) Brian Lawrence Schwalb (born 1967), is an American attorney and politician serving as the attorney general of the District of Columbia...

Industrial metal

Music genre; fusion of heavy metal and industrial music This article is about the musical genre. For the use of metal in industry, see metalworking. Industrial metalStylistic originsIndustrialindustrial rockheavy metalCultural originsMid-1980s; United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and SwitzerlandDerivative formsNu metalOther topics Alternative metal[1][2] avant-garde metal Neue Deutsche Härte NWOAHM thrash metal synth-metal Industrial metal is the fusion of heavy metal and...

Bermuda Triangle (video game)

1453 made video game This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bermuda Triangle video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1987 video gameBermuda TriangleDeveloper(s)SNKPublisher(s)SNKPlatform(s)ArcadeRelease1987Genre(s)Scrolling...

1824 Connecticut gubernatorial election

1824 Connecticut gubernatorial election ← 1823 April 8, 1824 1825 → Nominee Oliver Wolcott Jr. Timothy Pitkin Party Toleration Federalist Popular vote 6,637 466 Percentage 88.81% 6.24% County resultsWolcott: 80–90% >90% Governor before election Oliver Wolcott Jr. Toleration Elected Governor Oliver Wolcott Jr. Toleration Elections in Connecticut Federal government U.S President 1788–89 1792 17...

الأسطورة

ميّز عن سيرة بطولية. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الأسطورة (توضيح).هذه واحدة من سلسلة مقالات حولالأساطير حسب الحضارة عربية أرمنية الآزتيك قلطية ويلزية هبرديسية مسيحية صينية مصرية إغريقية غوارانية هندوسية إسلامية يابانية يهودية كورية المايا بلاد الرافدين ميكرونيسية إس�...

Grogol River

River in Indonesia Grogol RiverGrogol River (K. Grogol), lower left in the map of rivers and canals of Jakarta (2012)Location of the mouthShow map of JavaGrogol River (Indonesia)Show map of IndonesiaNative nameKali Grogol (Indonesian)LocationCountryIndonesiaStateJakartaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationKedungbadak, Bogor, West Java MouthAngke River, Banjir Kanal Barat • coordinates06°08′10″S 106°47′07″E / 6.13611...

Ruud Lubbers

47th Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1982 to 1994 Lubbers redirects here. For other people with the name, see Lubbers (surname). Not to be confused with Rudi Lubbers. His ExcellencyRuud LubbersLubbers in 1985Prime Minister of the NetherlandsIn office4 November 1982 – 22 August 1994MonarchBeatrixDeputyGijs van Aardenne (1982–1986)Rudolf de Korte (1986–1989)Wim Kok (1989–1994)Preceded byDries van AgtSucceeded byWim KokUnited Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesIn offic...

Franco Califano

«Sono sempre andato a letto cinque minuti più tardi degli altri, per avere cinque minuti in più da raccontare» (Franco Califano)Franco CalifanoFranco Califano nel 1973 Nazionalità Italia GenerePopMusica d'autoreCanzone romana Periodo di attività musicale1960 – 2013 Strumentovoce, chitarra, pianoforte EtichettaSony, Ariston Records, CGD, Dischi Ricordi, Lupus, NAR International, Hydra Music Album pubblicati67 Studio24 Live3 Raccolte40 Sito ufficiale Modifica da...

PROFILPELAJAR.COM