カーシニゼーション

カニダマシ科:カニに似ているがコシオリエビやヤドカリに近縁[1]

カーシニゼーション（英: carcinization）またはカニ化とは、カニに似ていない形態の甲殻類が、カニに似た形態に進化するという、収斂進化の一例である。 L・A・ボラダイルが "カニへ進化するための自然の試みの一つ"[2] と表現し、進化生物学に導入したものである。多くのカーシニゼーションした甲殻類はヤドカリ下目に属する。

定義

1916年にランスロット・アレクサンダー・ボラダイルが次のように述べた:[3]

... カーシニゼーション … 長い腹部が縮小、頭胸部がくぼんで拡大し、その結果、カニの一般的な形態をとる

2017年にケイラー等は以下のように定義した:[4]

  • "甲羅は幅に比べて平らで、外縁部を持つ"
  • "腹板は広い腹甲へと融合し、後方の縁は前方へ隆起する。"
  • "胸部は扁平で強く曲がり、背側から見て胸部第4節の背板を完全に隠し、腹甲を部分的にあるいは完全におおい、"

例

カーシニゼーションは十脚目の甲殻類において少なくとも5回は独立に起こったと考えられている[4]。

絶滅したCyclida目も "驚くほどカニに似ている" と指摘されており、おそらく同じような生態を持っていた[11][12]。

タラバガニ

タラバガニ:インディアナポリス子供博物館所蔵

タラバガニの仲間（タラバガニ科）がヤドカリの仲間から進化した例はよく研究されており、その生態はこの説を支持している。例えば、ヤドカリの多くは螺旋状の巻貝の殻にうまく収まるように左右非対称である。タラバガニの腹部も、住みかとして巻貝の殻を使わないにもかかわらず左右非対称である[13][14][15][16]。

ハイパーカーシニゼーション（超カニ化）

"ハイパーカーシニゼーション" と呼ばれる例外的なカーシニゼーションは、カニダマシ科の Allopetrolisthes spinifrons においてみられる。A. spinifrons は体の縮小に加えて、真正のカニに見られるものと同様に、オスの胸部がメスより狭くなるという性的二形を示す[17]。

関連記事

参考文献

  1. ^ Baeza, J. Antonio (2016-03-10). “Molecular phylogeny of porcelain crabs (Porcellanidae: Petrolisthes and allies) from the south eastern Pacific: the genera Allopetrolisthes and Liopetrolisthes are not natural entities” (英語). PeerJ 4: e1805. doi:10.7717/peerj.1805. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4793318. PMID 26989636. https://peerj.com/articles/1805. 
  2. ^ Patsy A. McLaughlin; Rafael Lemaitre (1997). “Carcinization in the Anomura – fact or fiction? I. Evidence from adult morphology”. Contributions to Zoology 67 (2): 79–123. doi:10.1163/18759866-06702001.  PDF Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ Borradaile, L.A. (1916). “Crustacea. Part II. Porcellanopagurus: an instance of carcinization”. British Antarctic (“Terra Nova”) Expedition, 1910–1913. Natural History Report. Zoology (British Museum) 3 (3): 111–126. OCLC 1027015098. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31659763. 
  4. ^ a b Keiler, Jonas; Wirkner, Christian S.; Richter, Stefan (2017-05-01). “One hundred years of carcinization – the evolution of the crab-like habitus in Anomura (Arthropoda: Crustacea)” (英語). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 121 (1): 200–222. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blw031. ISSN 0024-4066. 
  5. ^ Jonas Keiler; Stefan Richter; Christian S. Wirkner (2013). “Evolutionary morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in hermit and king crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomala)”. Journal of Morphology 274 (7): 759–778. doi:10.1002/jmor.20133. PMID 23508935. 
  6. ^ Jonas Keiler; Stefan Richter; Christian S. Wirkner (2015). “The anatomy of the king crab Hapalogaster mertensii Brandt, 1850 (Anomura: Paguroidea: Hapalogastridae) – new insights into the evolutionary transformation of hermit crabs into king crabs”. Contributions to Zoology 84 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1163/18759866-08402004. 
  7. ^ Jonas Keiler; Stefan Richter; Christian S. Wirkner (2014). “Evolutionary morphology of the organ systems in squat lobsters and porcelain crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomala): an insight into carcinization”. Journal of Morphology 276 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1002/jmor.20311. PMID 25156549. 
  8. ^ Jonas Keiler; Stefan Richter; Christian S. Wirkner (2016). “Revealing their innermost secrets: an evolutionary perspective on the disparity of the organ systems in anomuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)”. Contributions to Zoology 85 (4): 361–386. doi:10.1163/18759866-08504001. 
  9. ^ “Remarkable new true crab-like hermit discovered”. Florida Museum. University of Florida (13 December 2013). October 25, 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。December 9, 2020閲覧。
  10. ^ C. L. Morrison; A. W. Harvey; S. Lavery; K. Tieu; Y. Huang; C. W. Cunningham (2001). “Mitochondrial gene rearrangements confirm the parallel evolution of the crab-like form”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269 (1489): 345–350. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1886. PMC 1690904. PMID 11886621. オリジナルの2010-06-10時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20100610111946/http://www.biology.duke.edu/cunningham/pdfs/Morrison%20et%20al.pdf 2010年3月26日閲覧。. 
  11. ^ Günter Schweigert (2007). “Juracyclus posidoniae n. gen. and sp., the first cycloid arthropod from the Jurassic”. Journal of Paleontology 81 (1): 213–215. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[213:JPNGAS]2.0.CO;2. オリジナルの2018-07-21時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721071911/https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/30426/30426.pdf 2020年8月30日閲覧。. 
  12. ^ Castro, Peter; Davie, Peter; Guinot, Danièle et al., eds. (2015-01-01), “Introduction to Brachyura”, Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 9 Part C (2 Vols) (BRILL): 3–9, doi:10.1163/9789004190832_003, ISBN 978-90-04-19083-2, https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004190832/B9789004190832_003.xml 2021年11月4日閲覧。 
  13. ^ C. W. Cunningham; N. W. Blackstone; L. W. Buss (1992). “Evolution of king crabs from hermit crab ancestors”. Nature 355 (6360): 539–542. Bibcode: 1992Natur.355..539C. doi:10.1038/355539a0. PMID 1741031. 
  14. ^ Patsy A. McLaughlin; Rafael Lemaitre; Christopher C. Tudge (2004). “Carcinization in the Anomura – fact or fiction? II. Evidence from larval, megalopal and early juvenile morphology”. Contributions to Zoology 73 (3): 165–205. doi:10.1163/18759866-07303001. 
  15. ^ Ling Ming Tsang; Tin-Yam Chan; Shane T. Ahyong; Ka Hou Chu (2011). “Hermit to king, or hermit to all: multiple transitions to crab-like forms from hermit crab ancestors”. Systematic Biology 60 (5): 616–629. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr063. PMID 21835822. 
  16. ^ Rafael Lemaitre; Patsy A. McLaughlin (2009). “Recent advances and conflicts in concepts of anomuran phylogeny (Crustacea: Malacostraca)”. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67 (2): 119–135. オリジナルの2016-08-03時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20160803211837/http://www.arthropod-systematics.de/ASP_67_2/ASP_67_2_LeMaitre%26McLaughlin_119-135.pdf 2011年11月19日閲覧。. 
  17. ^ Alexandra Hiller; Carlos Antonio Viviana; Bernd Werding (2010). “Hypercarcinisation: an evolutionary novelty in the commensal porcellanid Allopetrolisthes spinifrons (Crustacea: Decapoda: Porcellanidae)”. Nauplius 18 (1): 95–102. オリジナルの2012-04-25時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232740/http://www.crustacea.org.br/artigos/728_25_18%281%29_95-102_-_Hiller%2C_Viviani%2C_Werding.pdf. 

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