Yehuda Ha-Levi

Scultura di Yehuda HaLevi in Israele

Yehuda Ben Šmu'el Ha-Levi, noto in italiano anche come Giuda Levita (Tudela, 1075 o 1085[1]Il Cairo, 1141), è stato un rabbino, filosofo, poeta, teologo e medico di al-Andalus. Era soprannominato il Cantore di Sion; fu autore del Kuzari e lascia 800 poemi, tra cui le Odi di Sion.

Biografia

Assai giovane, percorre la Spagna, in preda ai devastanti conflitti tra cristiani e musulmani Almoravidi. Studia in al-Andalus e si mette in luce per una sua vittoria in un certame poetico a Cordova. Incontra poi a Granada i poeti sefarditi Moise ibn Ezra e Abraham ibn ‛Ezra, ai quali si legherà d'una amicizia che durerà tutta la vita.

Le persecuzioni degli Almoravidi disperdono i poeti di Granada[2]. Yehuda Ha-Levi riprende allora i suoi viaggi e si reca presso il vizir ebreo Meir ibn Kamniel a Siviglia e il Maestro talmudico Joseph ibn Migash a Lucena. Pratica la medicina a Toledo, allora tornata cristiana, che lascia nel 1109 col suo amico Abraham ibn ‛Ezra. Proseguono insieme i loro viaggi attraverso la Spagna musulmana (Cordova) e Nordafrica.

Partigiano del ritorno a Sion, Yehuda Ha-Levi arriva ad Alessandria d'Egitto, poi al Cairo, dove muore nel 1141, prima d'aver potuto imbarcarsi alla volta della Palestina. La leggenda lo fa morire alle porte di Gerusalemme sotto gli zoccoli d'un cavallo.[3]

Opere

Yehuda Ha-Levi compose circa trecento opere religiose, ispirate dagli argomenti del salmo davidico e descriventi l'amore di Dio, del Popolo, della Terra lontana, oltreché la descrizione delle bellezze del creato. Questi componimenti si caratterizzarono per il comune denominatore della speranza per il futuro, dell'invito all'atto di penitenza e della meditazione riguardante la misericordia e la giustizia divine.[4]

Yehuda Ha-Levi compose circa quattrocento poesie profane, i cui temi principali risultarono l'amore, l'amicizia, la bellezza delle stagioni, tutti descritti con profonda spontaneità.[4] Tra le opere profane vanno citate le Poesie di Viaggio, documentanti il pellegrinaggio intrapreso da Giuda Levita in Palestina, nelle quali si intrecciarono le descrizioni della natura con l'argomento del Ritorno.

È anche autore di elegie, radunate sotto il titolo di "Sionidi" ("Zion ha-lo Tish'ali"), alcune delle quali sono riprese nella liturgia tradizionale del 9 av, che commemora la caduta del Tempio di Gerusalemme[5].

Kuzari

Infastidito dall'attrazione che esercitavano il Cristianesimo, l'Islam e la filosofia anche sul popolo ebraico, compose verso il 1140, alla fine della sua vita, il suo capolavoro, redatto in lingua araba: il Kitāb al-ḥujja wa l-dalīl fī nuṣr al-dīn al-dhalīl, in italiano "Il libro dell'argomentazione e della prova in difesa della religione disprezzata", più noto sotto il titolo che gli dette il suo traduttore Samuel ibn Tibbon, il Kuzari[6] in risposta alle domande di un Caraita, egli dirà, ispirandosi alla conversione al Giudaismo del re dei Cazari e dei suoi sudditi quattro secoli prima.

Note

  1. ^ Jewish Encyclopaedia, s.v. «Judah Ha-Levi» Richard Gottheil, Max Schloessinger e Isaac Broydé, 1906.
  2. ^ In cui la presenza di ebrei era tanto cospicua e caratterizzante sotto il profilo culturale da essere chiamata Gharnāṭa al-Yahūd, "Granada degli ebrei".
  3. ^ (ES) Simon Dubnow, pp. 396-399.
  4. ^ a b Le Muse, vol. 6, Novara, De Agostini, 1965, p. 58.
  5. ^ (EN) Ha-Levi», Richard Gottheil, Max Schloessinger e Isaac Broydé, in: Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906
  6. ^ Se ne trova una traduzione inglese della prima parte sulla Jewish Virtual Library.

Bibliografia

  • Simon Dubnow, Manual de la Historia Judía (in spagnolo), Buenos Aires, Editorial Sigal, 1977.
  • Masha Itzhaki, Flore Abergel (trad.), Juda Halévi: d'Espagne à Jérusalem: (1075?-1141), Parigi, Albin Michel, 1997, collezione Présences du judaïsme. ISBN 978-2-226-08920-5

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN3179151778213218130001 · ISNI (EN0000 0004 5807 3464 · SBN CFIV076395 · BAV 495/263207 · CERL cnp00401109 · Europeana agent/base/145579 · LCCN (ENn80056871 · GND (DE118824767 · BNE (ESXX997061 (data) · BNF (FRcb12015258q (data) · J9U (ENHE987007270274205171 · CONOR.SI (SL57821027

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