Supergruppo del Karoo

Il supergruppo del Karoo è l'unità stratigrafica più estesa presente in Africa a sud del deserto del Kalahari. Il gruppo consiste di una sequenza di unità, prevalentemente di origine non marina, depositatesi durante il Pennsylvaniano (o Carbonifero superiore) e il Giurassico inferiore, cioè in un periodo di tempo che si è esteso per circa 120 milioni di anni.[1]

Caratteristiche

Nell'Africa del Sud, le rocce del Supergruppo del Karoo ricoprono all'incirca due terzi del territorio, in particolare tutto il Lesotho, e in Sudafrica quasi tutta la provincia di Free State, gran parte della Provincia del Capo Orientale, Provincia del Capo Settentrionale, Mpumalanga e KwaZulu-Natal. Affioramenti del supergruppo si trovano anche in Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe e Malawi, come pure su altri continenti che facevano parte della Gondwana. I bacini deposizionali si formarono durante la formazione e la successiva frammentazione della Pangea.[2][3]

La località tipo del Supergruppo del Karoo è il Gran Karoo in Sudafrica, dove si trova esposta la maggior parte delle sequenze.[1][4] I suoi strati, che consistono per lo più di sequenze di shale e arenaria,[5] mettono in evidenza una sequenza quasi continua di glaciazioni marine e continentali che vanno dal Pennsylvaniano al Giurassico inferiore e complessivamente raggruppate sotto il nome di glaciazione del Karoo. Gli accumuli si sono verificati in un bacino di avampaese di retroarco, chiamato Bacino del Karoo,[2] che si formò per effetto di processi di subduzione e di orogenesi nella parte meridionale della Gondwana, lungo il bordo meridionale di quello che poi sarebbe diventato il Sud Africa.[2] I sedimenti raggiungono uno spessore massimo di circa 12 km, con le lave basaltiche sovrapposte (nel Drakensberg Group) che hanno uno spessore di almeno 1,4 km.[6]

Fossili

I reperti fossili ritrovati includono piante (sia a livello di macrofossili che di polline), insetti rari e pesci, diversi tipi di tetrapodi (per lo più therapsidi), anfibi temnospondyli e, negli strati superiori, dinosauri e icnofossili. La loro biostratigrafia è stata usata come standard internazionale per la correlazione globale tra gli strati non marini che vanno dal Permiano al Giurassico.[7]

Note

  1. ^ a b Thomas Schlüter, Geological Atlas of Africa: With Notes on Stratigraphy, Tectonics, Economic Geology, Geohazards and Geosites of Each Country, 2nd, Springer, 2008, pp. 26-28, ISBN 978-3-540-76373-4.
  2. ^ a b c O Catuneanu, H Wopfner, P Eriksson, B Cairncross, B Rubidge, R Smith e P Hancox, The Karoo basins of south-central Africa (PDF), in Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 43, 1–3, 2005, p. 211, Bibcode:2005JAfES..43..211C, DOI:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.007.
  3. ^ McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). The Story of Earth and Life. pp. 161, 187-241. Struik Publishers, Cape Town
  4. ^ Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.
  5. ^ Hamilton, G.N.G. and Finlay, J.G. (1928). Outline of Geology for South African Students, Central News Agency Ltd., Johannesburg.
  6. ^ Adelmann, D. and Kerstin Fiedler, (1996). Sedimentary development of the Upper Ecca and Lower Beaufort Groups (Karoo Supergroup) in the Laingsburg subbasin (SW Karoo Basin, Cape Province/South Africa) Archiviato il 3 settembre 2005 in Internet Archive., Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 1: 88-89, Bonn.
  7. ^ Hancox, P. J. and Bruce S. Rubidge (1997). The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo basin, Palaeontologica Africana, 33: 41-54.

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