Semionotiformes

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Semionotiformes
Semionotus
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoAnimalia
SottoregnoEumetazoa
RamoBilateria
SuperphylumDeuterostomia
PhylumChordata
SubphylumVertebrata
InfraphylumGnathostomata
SuperclasseIttiopsidi
ClasseActinopterygii
SottoclasseNeopterygii
InfraclasseHolostei
OrdineSemionotiformes

I semionotiformi (Semionotiformes, Arambourg & Bertin, 1958)[1] sono un ordine di pesci attinotterigi. Si svilupparono verso la fine del Permiano, circa 253 milioni di anni fa, e raggiunse il suo massimo splendore tra il Triassico e il Giurassico (220 – 160 milioni di anni fa), per poi estinguersi nel corso del Cretaceo (circa 100 milioni d'anni fa). La famiglia dei lepisosteidi (Lepisosteidae), tuttora presente nei laghi americani, era un tempo classificata all'interno di quest'ordine.

Descrizione

Il corpo dei semionotiformi era circondato da una pesante armatura costituita da scaglie ganoidi che si incastravano tra di loro. Queste scaglie sono spesse, di forma più o meno romboidale e dotate di una superficie simile a smalto. In generale, questi pesci erano robusti e dal corpo alto, mentre la testa era allungata e dal muso sottile. Le pinne anali e dorsali erano molto arretrate e la pinna caudale era corta ed eterocerca.

Caratteristiche

Le caratteristiche diagnostiche dei semionotiformi includono l'assenza di ossa endopterigoidi (un paio di ossa dermiche nella bocca), un osso frontale tre volte più lungo che largo, ossa nasali lunghe e strette, una prominenza ossea a forma di anello dell'orbita aperta nella parte anteriore e formata da ossa infraorbitali tubolari o strette. Le ossa sopraorbitali erano piccole, e il sopracleitro (un osso del cinto pettorale) non possedeva una superficie articolare concava per l'articolazione con l'osso post-temporale. Erano presenti una o due file di denti lungo la cresta tra le branchie e i lati del cleitro. Il margine superiore della pinna caudale era formato da raggi simili a scaglie, e alla base del peduncolo caudale erano presenti una o due file di scaglie allungate.

Classificazione

L'ordine Semionotiformes venne istituito nel 1958 da Arambourg e Bertin, per accogliere alcuni pesci ganoidi ma dalle caratteristiche derivate, come Semionotus, Dapedium e Lepidotes. Successivamente, vari studi hanno determinato che l'ordine dei semionotiformi non comprende gli ultimi due generi citati, che invece fanno parte rispettivamente dei Dapediiformes e dei Lepisosteiformes. I semionotiformi, in ogni caso, sono considerati un gruppo di pesci ossei neotterigi appartenenti ai ginglimodi, probabilmente il sister taxon dei lepisosteiformi, e sono definiti come tutti quei taxa più vicini a Semionotus che non a Lepidotes, Lepisosteus, Dapedium o Amia. Al gruppo dei semionotiformi sono state ascritte anche le forme precedentemente considerate nell'ordine Macrosemiiformes e altre forme basali come Sangiorgioichthys o altre di incerta collocazione come Aphanepygus.

Fossile di Aphanepygus dorsalis, un semionotiforme basale
Fossile di Notagogus denticulatus, un macrosemiide
Fossile di Semionotus bergeri, un semionotide
Fossile di Macrosemimimus fegerti, un callipurbeckiide


Ginglymodi 

 Lepisosteiformes (lucci alligatore)

 Neosemionotus

 Semionotiformes 

 Callipurbeckiidae

 Semionotidae

 Macrosemiidae

 Luoxiongichthys

 Sangiorgioichthys

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Semionotiformes (paleodb), su paleodb.org. URL consultato il 13 maggio 2013.
  2. ^ Mikko Haaramo, Ginglymodi – gars and relatives, su Mikko's Phylogeny Archive, 2007. URL consultato il 30 dicembre 2016.
  3. ^ Joseph S. Nelson, Terry C. Grande e Mark V. H. Wilson, Fishes of the World, 5th, John Wiley & Sons, 2016, ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  4. ^ Richard van der Laan, Family-group names of fossil fishes, 2016.
  5. ^ Adriana López-Arbarello, Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii), in PLoS ONE, vol. 7, n. 7, 2012, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370.

Bibliografia

  • López-Arbarello A, Codorniú L (2007) Semionotids (Neopterygii, Semionotiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous Lagarcito Formation, San Luis Province, Argentina. J Vert Paleont 27(4): 811–826.
  • Lombardo C, Tintori A (2008) A new semionotid fish (Actinopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Late Triassic of the Northern Italy. In: Arratia G, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. pp. 129–142. Friedrich Pfeil.
  • Cavin L (2010) Diversity of Mesozoic semionotiform fishes and the origin of gars (Lepisosteidae). Naturwiss 97(12): 1035–1040.
  • López-Arbarello A (2012) Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7(7): e39370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039370

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