Programma Mariner

Programma Mariner
Lancio del Mariner 1 (NASA)
Paese d'origineStati Uniti (bandiera) Stati Uniti
Organizzazione responsabileUnited States Army
Space and Missile Systems Center
NASA
ScopoEsplorazione dei pianeti del sistema solare
Dati del programma
Costo554 milioni di dollari
Primo lancio22 luglio 1962
Ultimo lancio3 novembre 1973
Missioni compiute10
Missioni fallite3
Basi di lancioCape Canaveral
Informazioni sul veicolo
Tipo di veicoloSonda spaziale
VettoreAtlas/Agena, Atlas/Centaur
Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale

Il programma Mariner fu un programma di esplorazione spaziale condotto dalla NASA. Esso consistette nel lancio di una serie di sonde spaziali interplanetarie tra il 1963 ed il 1973 destinate all'esplorazione di Marte, Venere e Mercurio. Dei dieci veicoli spaziali, ben sette ebbero successo, mentre gli altri tre vennero persi.

Alcune missioni furono dedicate al sorvolo ravvicinato dei tre pianeti, mentre un paio di esse avrebbero dovuto orbitare attorno a Marte. Al programma spettano numerosi primati nell'esplorazione spaziale del sistema solare interno. Le missioni Mariner 11 e 12 vennero riconvertite nelle Voyager 1 e 2, nell'ambito del programma Voyager.

Il costo complessivo del programma (dal Mariner 1 al 10) è stato di 554 milioni di dollari.[1]

Gli obiettivi delle sonde

Le Sonde Mariner erano una serie di navicelle, usate per esplorazioni planetarie in modalità fly-by e rappresentarono i primi successi statunitensi nell'esplorazione di Marte, inviando a Terra le prime fotografie della superficie marziana. Il Mariner 9 è stato il primo orbiter del pianeta rosso.[2]

Delle tre missioni destinate a Venere, solo l'ultima, il Mariner 10, era dotata di fotocamere. Il Mariner 10 stessa è stata la prima sonda ad utilizzare l'effetto fionda a scopo propulsivo, a sorvolare due pianeti, a rivisitare lo stesso pianeta e la prima ed unica per quasi trent'anni ad aver esplorato Mercurio.

Tra gli altri obiettivi delle missioni ci fu anche quello di caratterizzare il comportamento del vento solare nello spazio interplanetario del Sistema solare interno. Fornirono inoltre esperienze ed aumentarono le capacità nell'ingegneria dei voli interplanetari di lunga durata.

Sonda Data di lancio Vettore Massa (kg) Obiettivo Tipo di missione Esito
Mariner 1 22 luglio 1962 Atlas Agena B 200 Venere Fly-by Fallimento.
Mariner 2 27 agosto 1962 Atlas Agena B 201 Venere Fly-by Successo.
Mariner 3 5 novembre 1964 Atlas Agena D 260 Marte Fly-by Fallimento.
Mariner 4 28 novembre 1964 Atlas Agena D 260 Marte Fly-by Successo.
Mariner 5 14 giugno 1967 Atlas Agena D 244 Venere Fly-by Successo.
Mariner 6 24 febbraio 1969 Atlas Centaur 412 Marte Fly-by Successo.
Mariner 7 27 marzo 1969 Atlas Centaur 412 Marte Fly-by Successo.
Mariner 8 8 maggio 1971 Atlas Centaur 996 Marte Orbiter Fallimento.
Mariner 9 30 maggio 1971 Atlas Centaur 974 Marte Orbiter Successo.
Mariner 10 3 novembre 1973 Atlas Centaur 526 Venere, Mercurio Fly-by multipli Successo.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Mariner 10, su nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov, National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), NASA. URL consultato il 9 marzo 2011.
  2. ^ (EN) David R. Williams, The Mariner Mars Missions, su nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov, National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), NASA, 6 gennaio 2005 (ultimo aggiornamento). URL consultato il 21 marzo 2011.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

  • (EN) Mariner Program, in The Mission and Spacecraft Library, Jet Propulsiona Laboratory (JPL), NASA. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 novembre 2017).
Controllo di autoritàGND (DE) 7841238-9
  Portale Astronautica

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