Osteointegrazione

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Il termine osteointegrazione, coniato alla fine degli anni sessanta da Per-Ingvar Brånemark, professore svedese di biotecnologia applicata, è usato in medicina (Odontoiatria, Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale, Ortopedia) per definire l'intima unione tra un osso e un impianto artificiale senza tessuto connettivo apparente. Si definisce intima unione quando lo spazio e i movimenti relativi fra osso e impianto non superano i 100 micron.

In base alle conoscenze attuali, tale unione avviene solo quando l'impianto è realizzato in titanio, anche se teoricamente qualsiasi materiale (preferibilmente metallico) che sia dotato di una micromorfologia adeguata e che sia privo di proteine potrebbe indurre osteointegrazione.

La velocità del processo di osteointegrazione e la sua quantità variano in funzione del tipo di superficie dell'impianto, che può presentare una geometria tale da attrarre cellule osteoblaste. Una superficie liscia è meno adatta a questo scopo, per questo motivo si possono utilizzare trattamenti particolari, i più comuni sono la mordenzatura con acidi o la sabbiatura. Studi recenti hanno dimostrato che se l'impianto viene dotato di una superficie di tipo spugnoso, il processo è notevolmente più rapido e intimo.[1] Per contro, una superficie spugnosa o con rugosità molto accentuata è molto più esposta a colonizzazioni batteriche che possono facilmente portare alla perdita dell'impianto stesso.[2]

Uno studio pubblicato nel 2014 dal Dr. Villa, Dr. Polimeni ed dal Dr. Wikesjö[3], ha dimostrato che un impianto non ha bisogno di un contatto osseo per osteointegrarsi, ma fattori chiave quali stabilità primaria e coagulo del sangue.[4]

Note

  1. ^ Roberto Verrastro, Odontoiatria sempre più su misura, con gli impianti sinterizzati, su Panorama.IT, 27 ottobre 2008. URL consultato il 16 giugno 2023 (archiviato dall'url originale l'8 luglio 2012).
  2. ^ Perimplantite Archiviato il 17 aprile 2008 in Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Villa R., Implant osseointegration in the absence of primary bone anchorage: a clinical report., in PubMed.
  4. ^ Implantologia a carico immediato: considerazioni sulla stabilità ed osteointegrazione degli impianti, su clinicaodontoiatricavilla.com.

Bibliografia

  • Devis Bellucci, Materiali per la vita. Le incredibili storie dei biomateriali che riparano il nostro corpo, cap. 4 Osteointegrazione, 2022, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, ISBN 978 88339 3778 6
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