Necustan

Michelangelo, il Serpente di bronzo, Cappella Sistina (1511-1512)
Il serpente della Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio

Necustan, Nehustan o Nehushtan (ebraico: נחושתן o נחש הנחושת) è il serpente di Mosè.

Agnolo Bronzino, Il serpente di bronzo, particolare dell'affresco della cappella di Eleonora di Toledo, Firenze, Palazzo Vecchio

Vecchio Testamento

La Bibbia racconta che tutto iniziò quando Mosè, per convincere il Faraone che le sue parole venivano da Dio, buttò per terra il bastone di Aronne e questo si trasformò in serpente. Il Faraone dunque chiamò i suoi maghi che ripeterono l'incantesimo, ma, a prova della superiorità del Dio di Mosè, il serpente del patriarca mangiò i serpenti dei maghi del Faraone.[1]

L'aspetto riguardante il "bastone magico" ha poi generato molte leggende creando un proprio filone.

Il "serpente" invece ritorna nella Bibbia quando Dio, in seguito alle lamentele per la durezza del viaggio nel deserto, manda fra gli Israeliti dei serpenti velenosi che mietono numerose vittime. Il popolo pentito si rivolge allora a Mosè affinché preghi il Signore di allontanare i serpenti. Dopo che Mosè ebbe pregato, Dio gli ordina di forgiare un serpente di bronzo e di collocarlo in vista del popolo: chiunque fosse stato morsicato dai serpenti velenosi, si sarebbe potuto salvare solo guardando verso il serpente di Mosè.[2]

Col passare degli anni però il serpente diventa un idolo e né i sacerdoti né i re né i profeti riescono a sradicarne il culto. Solo re Ezechia di Giuda (716 a.C. - 687 a.C.), con gran coraggio, distrugge tutti gli idoli e anche il Nehustan, il serpente di Mosè.[3]

Al di fuori delle fonti bibliche, vi è chi pensa che, come ai tempi di Ezechia ancora adesso, al Nehustan è attribuito il potere di guarire i malanni. Alla fine dei tempi scenderà dalla colonna per raggiungere la valle di Giosafat, il luogo dell'Ultimo Giudizio.[senza fonte]

Nuovo Testamento

Nel Vangelo di Giovanni, Gesù discute il suo destino con un maestro ebreo di nome Nicodemo e fa un confronto tra l'innalzamento del Figlio dell'uomo e l'atto del serpente sollevato da Mosè per la guarigione del popolo. Gesù lo applicò come un presagio del proprio atto di salvezza mediante l'essere innalzato sulla croce, affermando: "E, come Mosè innalzò il serpente nel deserto, così bisogna che il Figlio dell'uomo sia innalzato, affinché chiunque crede in lui abbia vita eterna. Perché Dio ha tanto amato il mondo, che ha dato il suo unigenito Figlio, affinché chiunque crede in lui non perisca, ma abbia vita eterna" (Giovanni 3:14-16).

Nehustan e l'arte

L'arcivescovo Arnolfo II da Arsago, intorno all'anno 1000, portò a Milano da uno dei suoi viaggi un serpente di bronzo e ancora adesso si trova nella Basilica di sant'Ambrogio a Milano, dov'è posto su di una colonna, al lato sinistro della navata centrale.

Note

  1. ^ Esodo 7:8-12
  2. ^ Numeri 21:4-8
  3. ^ Secondo libro dei Re 18:4

Altri progetti

Controllo di autoritàLCCN (EN) sh85016514 · GND (DE) 1078684375 · BNF (FR) cb11982165v (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007282527005171
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