Levosimendan

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Levosimendan
Nome IUPAC
({4 - [(4'R")-4-Metil-6-osso-1 ,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazin-3-il] fenil} idrazono) propanedinitrile
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC14H12N6O
Massa molecolare (u)280,28 g/mol
Numero CAS141505-33-1
Numero EINECS663-528-6
Codice ATCC01CX08
PubChem3033825
DrugBankDBDB00922
SMILES
O=C2N/N=C(/c1ccc(N/N=C(\C#N)C#N)cc1)[C@H](C)C2
Dati farmacocinetici
Biodisponibilità85% (1 ora)
Metabolismoepatico
Emivita1 ora
Escrezionerenale
Indicazioni di sicurezza

Il Levosimendan è un farmaco calcio-sensibilizzante utilizzato nella gestione dell'insufficienza cardiaca congestizia scompensata. È commercializzato con il nome commerciale Simdax (Orion Corporation).[1]

Modalità di azione

Il Levosimendan è un sensibilizzatore al calcio che esercita la sua azione inotropo positiva (incremento della contrattilità cardiaca) aumentando la sensibilità al calcio dei miociti senza un aumento del calcio intracellulare, legandosi alla troponina C cardiaca in misura calcio-dipendente.

Il farmaco ha anche un effetto vasodilatatore, aprendo i canali del potassio sensibili all'ATP della muscolatura liscia dei vasi per provocarne il rilassamento.

L'azione inotropa e vasodilatatoria combinata crea un aumento della forza di contrazione, una riduzione del precarico e del postcarico.

Inoltre, aprendo anche i canali del potassio mitocondriali ATP-sensibili nelle miocellule cardiache, il farmaco esercita un effetto cardioprotettivo.[2]

Uso clinico

Indicazioni

Il Levosimendan è indicato per il supporto inotropo nella grave insufficienza cardiaca congestizia acutamente scompensata.

Alcuni degli studi di Fase III nel programma clinico estensivo sono stati i trial LIDO (200 pazienti), RUSSLAN (500), CASINO (250), REVIVE-I (100), REVIVE-II (600) e SURVIVE (1350).[3]

Lo studio SURVIVE ha mostrato una riduzione significativa rapida e sostenuta nel peptide natriuretico tipo B del plasma (indice di scompenso) nei pazienti del gruppo levosimendan rispetto ai pazienti nel gruppo Dobutamina, ma non una riduzione significativa della mortalità a 180 giorni.[4] Tuttavia, il levosimendan si è dimostrato superiore alla dobutamina nel trattamento dei pazienti con storia di scompenso cardiaco congestizio o in terapia con beta-bloccanti quando ricoverati per uno scompenso grave.[5] In una meta-analisi di studi randomizzati e controllati il levosimendan sembra ridurre la mortalità e l'ospedalizzazione[6]

Controindicazioni

L'utilizzo di levosimendan è controindicato in pazienti con: insufficienza renale moderata-grave, grave insufficienza epatica, grave ostruzione al riempimento o al deflusso ventricolare, grave ipotensione e tachicardia, e/o storia di torsioni di punta.[7]

Gli effetti avversi

Comuni reazioni avverse al farmaco (≥ 1% dei pazienti) durante terapia con levosimendan comprendono: cefalea, ipotensione, aritmie (fibrillazione atriale, extrasistoli, tachicardia atriale, tachicardia ventricolare), ischemia miocardica, ipopotassiemia e/o nausea (Rossi, 2006).

Formulazioni

Levosimendan è commercializzato come soluzione concentrata 2,5 mg / ml per infusione endovenosa. Il concentrato viene diluito con soluzione di glucosio al 5% prima dell'infusione.

Note

  1. ^ Orion, Simdax (levosimendan) Fact Sheet (PDF), su orion.fi, Orion. URL consultato il 16 febbraio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 28 maggio 2012).
  2. ^ Papp Z, Édes I, Fruhwald S, De Hert SG, Salmenperä M, Leppikangas H, Mebazaa A, Landoni G, Grossini E, Caimmi P, Morelli A, Guarracino F, Schwinger RH, Meyer S, Algotsson L, Wikström BG, Jörgensen K, Filippatos G, Parissis JT, González MJ, Parkhomenko A, Yilmaz MB, Kivikko M, Pollesello P, Follath F, Levosimendan: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications: consensus of experts on the mechanisms of action of levosimendan, in Int J Cardiol, vol. 159, n. 2, 2012, pp. 82–7, DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.022, PMID 21784540.
  3. ^ Nieminen MS, Fruhwald S, Heunks LM, Suominen PK, Gordon AC, Kivikko M, Pollesello P, Levosimendan: current data, clinical use and future development, in Heart Lung Vessel, vol. 5, n. 4, 2013, pp. 227-45, PMID 24364017.
  4. ^ Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, Cohen-Solal, Kleber FX, Pocock SJ, Thakkar R, Padley RJ, Poder P, M Kivikko for the SURVIVE investigators, Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure, in JAMA, vol. 297, n. 17, 2007, pp. 1883-91, DOI:10.1001/jama.297.17.1883.
  5. ^ Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Filippatos GS, Cleland JG, Salon JE, Thakkar R, Padley RJ, Huang B, Cohen-Solal A, Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE, in Eur J Heart Fail, vol. 11, n. 3, 2009, pp. 304-11, DOI:10.1093/eurjhf/hfn045, PMID 19158152.
  6. ^ Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai G, Greco M, Greco T, Bignami E, Morelli A, Guarracino F, Zangrillo A, Effects of levosimendan on mortality and hospitalization. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies, in Crit Care Med, vol. 40, n. 2, 2012, pp. 634-46, DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232962a.
  7. ^ Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide:. Australian Medicines Handbook , 2006

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