Legge dell'indipendente mobilità degli ioni

La legge dell'indipendente mobilità degli ioni o legge di Kohlrausch della migrazione indipendente degli ioni o semplicemente legge di Kohlrausch (dedotta da Friedrich Kohlrausch nel 1900[1]) permette di calcolare la conduttività ionica equivalente limite (cioè in condizioni di diluizione infinita) di elettroliti deboli e forti sulla base del presupposto che a diluizione infinita le conduttività equivalenti non risentono dell'effetto di interazione degli ioni presenti in soluzione. Ciò è imputabile all'elevata distanza reciproca alla quale si trovano gli ioni, condizione che permette loro di non rimanere "invischiati" a causa di interazioni elettrostatiche di tipo coulombiano.

In termini matematici, la legge afferma che la conduttività ionica equivalente limite di un elettrolita, indicata con , è data dalla somma delle conducibilità ioniche a diluizione infinita dei singoli ioni che lo compongono, e :[2][3]

Kohlrausch formulò la legge dell'indipendente mobilità degli ioni notando da dati sperimentali che la differenza tra valori di di soluzioni di elettroliti forti, aventi in comune lo stesso catione o lo stesso anione, era praticamente costante in relazione allo stesso solvente e a temperatura costante. Ciò non sarebbe stato possibile se gli ioni avessero risentito di reciproche interazioni.

Legge di Kohlrausch espressa in termini di mobilità ioniche

Le conducibilità ioniche dei singoli ioni possono essere espressi in termini di mobilità ioniche:[4]

essendo la costante di Faraday e il grado di dissociazione. A diluizione infinita e , per cui:[3]

Sostituendo nella legge di Kohlrausch, si ottiene:[3]

La mobilità ionica non va confusa con la velocità di migrazione, dovuta all'azione di un certo gradiente di potenziale elettrico applicato.

Esempio applicativo

Come corollario della legge, risulta possibile calcolare i valori di sconosciuti combinando matematicamente, in modo opportuno, i valori tabulati relativi agli ioni, ottenuti per estrapolazione grafica delle conduttività ioniche equivalente di elettroliti forti.

Ad esempio, si vuole calcolare dell'acido cianidrico, HCN:

Occorre quindi combinare i valori noti di in modo da ottenere quelli incogniti. Ad esempio, consideriamo KCN per lo ione cianuro, HCl per quello idronio e sottraiamo il valore del KCl ottenuto, che non ci interessa:

che equivale a:

Note

  1. ^ Hamann, p. 23.
  2. ^ Silvestroni, p. 389.
  3. ^ a b c Bianchi, p. 81.
  4. ^ Bianchi, p. 80.

Bibliografia

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