Karol Olszewski

Karol Olszewski

Karol Olszewski (Broniszów, 29 gennaio 1846 – Cracovia, 24 marzo 1915) è stato un chimico, matematico e fisico polacco candidato al Premio Nobel per la fisica per 2 volte[1] senza mai vincerlo[2].

Nel 1883 insieme a Sigmund von Wróblewski fu il primo scienziato al mondo a liquefare l'ossigeno e l'azoto.

Biografia

Olszewski si diplomò al liceo "Kazimierz Brodziński di Tarnów (in polacco I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Kazimierza Brodzińskiego) e successivamente studiò all'Università Jagellonica di Cracovia nei dipartimenti di matematica e fisica e chimica e biologia. Eseguì i suoi primi esperimenti utilizzando un compressore personalmente migliorato comprimendo e condensando l'anidride carbonica.

Olszewski difese la sua tesi di dottorato all'Università Ruprecht Karl di Heidelberg per poi tornare a Cracovia dove fu nominato professore associato[3].

Nel 1883 Olszewski e von Wróblewski furono i primi scienziati al mondo a liquefare ossigeno, azoto e anidride carbonica dall'atmosfera in uno stato stabile e non in uno stato dinamico nella forma transitoria di vapore come era accaduto fino ad allora[4].

Nel 1884, nel suo laboratorio di Cracovia, Olszewski fu il primo a liquefare l'idrogeno in uno stato dinamico, raggiungendo una temperatura minima record di -225 °C (48 K). Nel 1895 liquefece l'argon per poi fallire nel liquefare l'elemento elio appena scoperto[5].

Nel gennaio 1896, dopo aver sentito parlare del lavoro di Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen con i raggi X, nel giro di pochi giorni Olszewski lo replicò. Più tardi, all'inizio di febbraio, fornì un'immagine radiografica di un gomito lussato dando così inizio al dipartimento di radiologia dell'università[6][7].

Morì il 24 marzo 1915 e fu sepolto nel cimitero Rakowicki di Cracovia. Nel 2018 le sue ceneri furono trasferite in uno dei Pantheon nazionali della Polonia situato nella chiesa dei Santi Pietro e Paolo nel centro storico di Cracovia[8].

Secondo il fisico Andrzej Kajetan Wróblewski, Olszewski è tra i più grandi fisici polacchi del XX secolo insieme a Marie Curie, Marian Smoluchowski, Jerzy Pniewski e Marian Danysz[8].

Note

  1. ^ Negli anni 1904 e 1913
  2. ^ (EN) Nomination-archive, su NobelPrize.org, 1º aprile 2020. URL consultato il 2 ottobre 2024.
  3. ^ (EN) Polish Ministry of Culture, Science and Media website, su poland.gov.pl. URL consultato il 2 ottobre 2024 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 ottobre 2010).
  4. ^ (EN) A Tribute to Wróblewski and Olszewski (PDF).
  5. ^ (PL) Olszewski, Karol Stanisław, in Encyklopedia Polski, p. 464.
  6. ^ (EN) Krakow Chair of Radiology History, su cm-uj.krakow.pl. URL consultato il 5 marzo 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 febbraio 2012).
  7. ^ (EN) Stanisław Leszczyński and Andrzej Urbanik, History of Polish Radiology, su polradiologia.org (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 luglio 2008).
  8. ^ a b (PL) Fizyka w Polsce wczoraj, dziś i jutro, su labfiz.uwb.edu.pl.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN) 25404110 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0000 7146 5017 · LCCN (EN) n94017485 · GND (DE) 119045710
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