Huscarl

Huscarl
Huscarl sassone (distinguibile per le ricche vesti e l'ascia danese) nel mezzo di altri soldati - Arazzo di Bayeux (post. 1066)
Descrizione generale
AttivaVIII-XII secolo
NazioneNorvegia (bandiera) Norvegia
Svezia (bandiera) Svezia
Danimarca (bandiera) Danimarca
Inghilterra (bandiera) Inghilterra
Russia (bandiera) Russia
ServizioEsercito
TipoFanteria pesante
RuoloTruppa d'assalto
Guardia cerimoniale
Dimensione3.000 uomini (Inghilterra, al tempo di Canuto il Grande[1])
EquipaggiamentoAscia danese
Elmo vichingo
Cotta di maglia
Voci su unità militari presenti su Wikipedia

Un huscarlo o uscarlo (in norreno huscarl, lett. "uomo di casa"; in inglese housecarl) è un membro della guardia del corpo dei re scandinavi nel corso dell'Antichità e del Medioevo.

Il termine originario norreno, huscarl (o huskarl) aveva il significato letterale di "uomo di casa", ovvero uomo armato a difesa di una specifica casa, la propria o quella di qualcun altro da cui fosse stato assoldato[2]. In origine erano probabilmente compensati con la cessione di una parte consistente del bottino di guerra. In seguito costituirono il corpo professionale dell'esercito dei regni scandinavi, mentre il resto della truppa, a parte occasionali mercenari, era composto da milizie e leve di contadini. Erano armati con la grande ascia danese ed arrivarono ad essere circa 2.000 in un singolo regno.

Con l'arrivo dei Variaghi nelle terre dell'attuale Russia (IX secolo), gli huscarli diedero probabilmente origine alla locale druzhina, guardia del corpo dei capi slavi. Parimenti, i contatti tra i vichinghi norvegesi ed i Gaelo-Scozzesi delle Isole Ebridi diede origine ai clan guerrieri dei Gallowglass. Nei regni d'Inghilterra, gli huscarli furono introdotti dal sovrano danese Canuto il Grande (1017), fornendo poi il modello su cui vennero costituiti gli eserciti professionali stabili degli Anglosassoni[1]. Arrivarono a costituire una forza di circa 3000 uomini, ospitati e nutriti a spese del re, il cui soldo venne pagato con un'imposta speciale. In tempo di pace svolsero anche compiti amministrativi, ma il loro principale compito rimaneva la guerra e la difesa personale del re.

Il loro tramonto, in Occidente, giunse con la battaglia di Hastings del 1066, nella quale la maggior parte degli huscarli trovò la morte. In seguito, insieme ad altri Sassoni, alcuni dei sopravvissuti si spostarono fino a Costantinopoli, dove entrarono a far parte della "Guardia variaga", preposta alla sicurezza personale dell'imperatore bizantino (basileus), già usa ad assoldare mercenari vichinghi.

Storia

Equipaggiamento

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Armi ed armature in epoca vichinga.

In quanto "campioni" del Re, gli huscarli si equipaggiavano con quanto di meglio la civiltà germanica settentrionale poteva fornire ai suoi guerrieri: cotta di maglia, elmo, fibbie e stivali in cuoio di buona fattura. Loro arma distintiva, vero e proprio simbolo degli huscarli[3], era la grande scure da guerra Långyxa (volgarmente nota come "ascia danese"), il cui manico era un astile ligneo di almeno 90 cm e la cui "testa" vantava una superficie tagliente di 20–30 cm.

Note

  1. ^ a b Brøndsted, Johannes; Skov, Kalle [trad.] (1965), The Vikings, Harmondsworth, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-020459-8.
  2. ^ Germanic Lexicon Project Archiviato il 15 marzo 2016 in Internet Archive..
  3. ^ Petersen, Jan (1919), De Norske Vikingesverd, Kristiania.

Bibliografia

  • Abels, Richard P. (2008), Household Men, Mercenaries and Vikings in Anglo-Saxon England, in France, J. (2008), Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages, Leiden, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16447-5, pp. 143–66.
  • (EN) Sigfús Blöndal, The Varangians of Byzantium, traduzione di Benedict Benedikz, Cambridge University Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-511-56236-5, OCLC 776966557.
  • Brøndsted, Johannes; Skov, Kalle [trad.] (1965), The Vikings, Harmondsworth, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-020459-8.
  • Hooper, Nicholas (1985), The Housecarls in England in the Eleventh Century, in Anglo-Norman Studies, n. 7, pp. 161–76.
  • Hooper, Nicholas (1994), Military Developments in the Reign of Cnut, in Rumble, Alexander R. (1994), The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway. Studies in the Early History of Britain, Londra, Leicester University Press, pp. 89–100.

Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

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