Hébertisti

Hébertisti
LeaderJacques-René Hébert
StatoFrancia (bandiera) Francia
SedeParigi
Fondazione1791
Dissoluzione1794
IdeologiaPopulismo di sinistra
Radicalismo
Repubblicanesimo radicale
Democrazia emergenziale rivoluzionaria
Democrazia diretta
Anticlericalismo
Anticattolicesimo
Decristianizzazione
Illuminismo radicale
Statalismo
Centralismo
CollocazioneEstrema sinistra
TestataLe Père Duchesne
Ordinanza di esecuzione degli hébertisti pubblicata dal Tribunale rivoluzionario vergata dalla mano di Fouquier-Tinville.

Gli hébertisti (in italiano, ebertisti), detti anche exagérés ('esagerati') durante la Rivoluzione francese (da non confondere con gli Enragés (infuriati, arrabbiati) di Jacques Roux, gruppo extraparlamentare) furono un gruppo di rivoluzionari particolarmente estremi.

Durante l'Assemblea legislativa e la "Convention nationale" principalmente erano membri del club dei Cordiglieri, appartenenti in gran parte ai ranghi dei Montagnardi alla "Convention", all'amministrazione della Comune e del Dipartimento di Parigi, e in relazione con Jean-Nicolas Pache o Jacques-René Hébert che, di per sé, non apparteneva ad un vero e proprio partito. Altri esagerati erano invece giacobini radicali o dei membri della Pianura non iscritti ad alcun club. Molti di loro si ispiravano a Jean-Paul Marat, più che a Robespierre.

Il movimento "esagerato" non può essere ridotto, ovviamente, all'ebertismo che è stato solo un piccolo strumento che Le Père Duchesne (Hébert) e sua moglie erano soli a rappresentare; ebertisti è un neologismo che nasce dal processo di formazione degli "Esagerati" o ultra-demagoghi, dei quali Hebert era la "stella", la figura più familiare al pubblico a causa della sua rivista Père Duchesne, popolaresca, volgare e satirica ma efficace.

Il grande movimento di "esagerazione" rivoluzionaria al quale Danton e poi Robespierre hanno cercato di opporsi, è principalmente rappresentato da Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac, Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, Andrés María de Guzmán, François Desfieux, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, Julien de Toulouse e altri, che furono i principali artefici della caduta degli odiati girondini (31 maggio e 2 giugno 1793).

Furono accusati di essere implicati in affari torbidi che non furono chiariti, riguardanti l'appropriazione indebita di fondi pubblici dal 10 agosto 1792, sui loro legami con la Banda nera, con distributori e agenti di cambio di denaro estero, con gli agenti provocatori britannici, tra cui tutti i rappresentanti delle banche ed i loro agenti: Laborde de Méréville, Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, i Walckiers ecc., rifiutando di spiegare o presentare i rendiconti.[1][2][3][4]

Gli "Esagerati" avevano grandi ambizioni: padroneggiano completamente i meccanismi della demagogia più sofisticati, si appellano a «popolo» al quale è destinata una stampa fatta su misura, quella di Jean-Paul Marat o di Jacques-René Hébert, i quali partecipano alla luce del sole alle imprese destinate a sconfiggere i Girondini e poi a «epurare» la Convenzione nazionale.

Con l'esecuzione di Hébert e della maggioranza dei suoi seguaci (marzo 1794), gli esagerati superstiti (Collot d'Herbois, Joseph Fouché ecc). si aggregarono ai Giacobini. Westermann, già avvicinatosi a Danton, finì ghigliottinato con lui il 5 aprile 1794, con l'approvazione dei Giacobini e degli ex sodali.

Alcuni capi e ispiratori del movimento "Exagéré" impropriamente chiamati « Hébertisti »

Ministri (1792-1793)
Deputati o ex deputati, membri dei comitati di governo (anno II)
Rappresentanti in missione
Amministratori e incaricati di missione
Militari
Investitori e finanziatori

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ Albert Mathiez, Le Banquier Pérrégaux in Annales révolutionnaires, Parigi, 1920
  2. ^ Jean Lhomer, Perrégaux et sa fille la duchesse de Raguse, Parigi, 1921
  3. ^ Jean Bouchary, Les Manieurs d’argent, vol. III, Parigi, 1943
  4. ^ Ghita Stanhope, George Peabody Gooch, The Life of Charles, Third Earl Stanhope, 1914, p. 134

Bibliografia

  • (FR) Albert Mathiez Les enragés et la lutte pour le maximum, La vie chère et le mouvement social sous la Terreur, tomo I, Payot, París, 1973
  • (FR) Jean Bouchary, Les Manieurs d'argent (sur Boyd et Ker, Laborde et Perregaux)
  • (FR) Herbert Luthy
  • Procès des conspirateurs Hébert, Ronsin, Vincent et complices: condamnés à la peine de mort par le Tribunal Révolutionnaire, le 4 germinal, l'an 2 de la République et exécutés le même jour: suivi du précis de la vie du père Duchesne, Paris, De l'imprimerie du Tribunal révolutionnaire. À Paris, Chez Caillot, 1794
  • Antoine Agostini, La pensée politique de Jacques-René Hébert (1790-1794), Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 1999
  • Charles Brunet, Le père Duchesne d'Hébert, Notice historique et bibliographique sur ce journal, publié pendant les années 1790, 1791, 1793 et 1794: précédée de la vie d'Hébert, son auteur et suivie de l'indication de ses autres ouvrages[collegamento interrotto], Paris, Librairie de France, 1859
  • Marc Crapez, Le social-chauvinisme: des Hébertistes à la droite révolutionnaire 1864-1900, Paris, Septentrion, 1999 ISBN 2-284-00469-5
  • Paul d'Estrée, Le père Duchesne. Hébert et la commune de Paris (1792-1794), Paris, Ambert 1908
  • Marina Grey, Hébert: le père Duchesne, agent royaliste, Paris, Perrin, 1983 ISBN 2-262-00300-9
  • Antoine Hadengue, Les gardes rouges de l'an II: l'armée révolutionnaire et le parti hébertiste, Paris, Tallandier, 1989
  • Louis Jacob, Hébert le père Duchesne, chef des sans-culottes, Paris, Gallimard 1960 ISBN 2-07-023333-2
  • Gustave Tridon, La Commune de Paris de 1793; les Hébertistes, Bruxelles, J.H. Briard 1871
  • Gustave Tridon, Les Hébertistes; plainte contre une calomnie de l'histoire, Paris, Chez l'auteur, 1864
  • Pierre Turbat, Vie privée et politique de J.-R. Hébert, auteur du père Duchesne, À Paris, Se trouve à l'Imprimerie de Franklin, rue de Cléry, No. 76, 1794
  • Gérard Walter, Hébert et le père Duchesne, Paris, J.B. Janin, 1946
  • Gérard Walter Procès instruit et jugé au tribunal révolutionnaire: contré Hébert et consorts, Paris, Edhis, 1969 ISBN 2-7152-2591-1
  • (EN) Claretie, Jules. Camille Desmoulins and His Wife: Passages from the History of the Dantonists. London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1876.
  • (EN) Furet, François. Revolutionary France, 1770-1880. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1992.
  • (EN) Simon Schama. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.
  • (EN) Scurr, Ruth. Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. New York: Owl Books, 2006.

Voci correlate

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