Ghulat

I ghulāt (in arabo غلاة‎?) sono letteralmente, secondo il pensiero islamico, gli "estremisti".[1] La forma aggettivale ghuluww (in arabo ﻏﻠﻮ‎?[2]) è un termine impiegato nella teologia islamica, tanto sunnita quanto sciita per descrivere alcune minoranze di matrice islamica sostenitrici di punti di vista teologici fortemente in contrasto col pensiero rispettivamente del sunnismo e dello sciismo. Si applica quindi a coloro che, ad esempio, estendono caratteristiche divine o quasi-divine a esseri umani, quand'anche di notevole spicco quali il profeta Maometto o suo cugino e genero 'Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Nei periodi relativamente più recenti, il termine è stato impiegato per descrivere in ambito sciita ogni diramazione non accettata dall'Imamismo, dall'Ismailismo o dallo Zaydismo.[1]

L'equazione estremismo-esagerazione deriva da uno dei momenti più significativi del pensiero islamico, propugnatore della "via mediana" tra opposte concezioni, una sorta di virtuosa aurea mediocritas che fa rifuggire come estranea all'Islam e all'esempio sempre dato dal suo "profeta ultimo", Maometto, di ogni forma di radicalismo di pensiero e comportamentale.

Storia

Tradizionalmente il primo uomo a essere considerato ghāli (sing. di ghulāt) fu 'Abd Allah ibn Saba', i cui seguaci furono considerati facenti parte della cosiddetta Saba'iyya, il quale avrebbe negato la morte di 'Ali ibn Abi Talib e che avrebbe predicato il suo imminente ritorno (rajʿ) nel mondo visibile. Anche i sostenitori della Ghayba (occultamento), o assenza nel mondo visibile degli Imam per restaurare, in veste di Mahdi, la giustizia e la purezza presunta del primo Islam, furono considerati dai sunniti ghulāt.[1] Altre posizioni che sembra fossero considerate ghuluww dai primi teorici dell'Islam furono la condanna pubblica (sabb) dei primi due Califfi, Abū Bakr e Umar, in quanto "usurpatori" del diritto di ʿAlī (poi quarto Califfo) alla successione politica e spirituale di Maometto (khilāfa). Ancor più furono considerati ghulāt quanti credevano che ogni Imam fosse infallibile (maʿṣūm).[1]

In periodo più recenti, la stragrande maggioranza degli sciiti, specialmente i Duodecimani, hanno identificato tre atti come "estremismo" (ghuluww). Tali atti di eresia sono: la pretesa che Allah talvolta prende dimora nei corpi degli Imam (ḥulūl),la fede nella metempsicosi (tanāsukh) e il considerare la Legge islamica come non vincolante (ibāḥa), concezione simile all'antinomismo.[3]

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Sciismo.

Note

  1. ^ a b c d M. G. S. Hodgson, «Ghulāt», in Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 2, 2ª ed., Brill Academic Publishers, 1965, pp. 1093–1095.
  2. ^ Nei dizionari, al significato di base di "estremismo", si aggiungono anche quelli di "sfrenatezza", "fanatismo", "zelo eccessivo". Cfr. il Vocabolario arabo-italiano edito dall'Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino, 1966 e successive ristampe, p. 1038a.
  3. ^ Heinz Halm, Shi'ism, Edinburgh University Press, 21 luglio 2004, p. 154, ISBN 978-0-7486-1888-0.

Bibliografia

  Portale Islam: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di islam

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