François-Gaston de Lévis

François-Gaston de Lévis

François-Gaston de Lévis (Ajac, 20 agosto 1719Arras, 20 novembre 1787) è stato un generale francese, maresciallo di Francia dal 1783.

Biografia

Cadetto della nobile famiglia dei Lévis, entrò in qualità di tenente nel reggimento della fanteria di marina, all'età di sedici anni. Durante i vent'anni successivi partecipò a tutte le operazioni militari avvenute alle frontiere orientali del regno: combatté sul Reno, partecipò alla guerra di successione austriaca, attraversò la Sassonia e difese la Contea di Nizza agli ordini dello zio, il marchese de Mirepoix. Ferito numerose volte, fu promosso capitano, quindi colonnello nel 1746. Nel 1748 Luigi XV gli conferì il titolo di cavaliere di San Luigi.

Nuova Francia

Nell'aprile 1756 fu nominato generale di brigata e comandante in seconda dell'armata francese del Canada. Responsabile della difesa di lago Champlain sino al 1758, prestò aiuto a Montcalm nell'assedio di Fort William Henry e nella difesa di Fort Carillon. Promosso maresciallo di campo, partecipò alla difesa di Québec nel 1759 ma fu inviato ad organizzare quella di Montréal a partire dalla metà di agosto. In seguito alla morte di Montcalm e della presa di Québec, il 13 settembre, prese il comando delle armate. Nel 1760 marciò su Québec e combatté la battaglia di Sainte-Foy, nelle vicinanze della città, cui pose l'assedio ma non poté riprendere in seguito all'arrivo di rinforzi britannici. Si ritirò sull'isola di Sant'Elena, nei pressi di Montréal, e bruciò le proprie bandiere al momento della capitolazione definitiva.

Francia

Al ritorno in Francia nel 1761 fu promosso tenente generale e continuò a mettersi in luce in numerose battaglie; nominato da Luigi XV governatore generale dell'Artois nel 1766, quindi, da Luigi XVI governatore di Arras nel 1780, maresciallo di Francia nel 1783, la sua signoria di Avesne-le-Comte fu eretta a ducato nel 1784. Morì ad Arras nel 1787. La vedova e due dei tre figli furono ghigliottinati nel 1794; sopravvisse il terzo, Pierre-Marc-Gaston de Lévis, politico e membro dell'Académie française.

Bibliografia

  • Roger Léger, Journal des campagnes du Chevalier de Lévis en Canada de 1756 à 1760, Michel Brûlé, Montréal, 2008, 253 p. (ISBN 978-2-89485-405-1)
  • Chevalier de Lévis. « Lettre du Maréchal de Lévis à A M. le Maréchal de Belle-Isle », in ResPublica nova, 17 juillet 2008
  • W. J. Eccles. « Lévis, François-Gaston de, duc de Lévis », in Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne, Université Laval et University of Toronto, 2000
  • Ian Casselman. « Lévis, François-Gaston de, duc de Lévis », in L'Encyclopédie canadienne, La Fondation Historica du Canada, 2008
  • Claude-Marie Robion. « Lévis (François-Gaston, duc de) », in Rémy Cazals e Daniel Fabre (dir.) Les Audois - Dictionnaire biographique, Association des Amis des Archives de l'Aude, Fédération Audoise des Œuvres Laïques, Société d'Etudes Scientifiques de l'Aude, 1990.
  • Duc de Lévis Mirepoix. « Le Maréchal de Lévis, Défenseur du Canada », dans La Revue des Deux-Mondes, 15 novembre 1955, pp. 230–241.
  • M. L. Puech-Milhau. ??, dans Revue du Languedoc, tome 18, 1948
  • Louis Le Jeune.« François-Gaston, duc de Lévis », dans Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mours, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada, volume II, Ottawa: Université d'Ottawa, 1931, pp. 148–150
  • Henri-Raymond Casgrain. Montcalm et Lévis, Tours: Alfred Mame et fils, 1898, 392 p.
  • Georges Doublet. Le dernier maréchal de camp des dernières troupes françaises de la Nouvelle-France, le chevalier de Lévis , Toulouse France: E. Privat, 1894, 72 p.
  • Henri-Raymond Casgrain (dir.) Collection des manuscrits du maréchal de Lévis, Montréal: C.O. Beauchemin & fils, 1889-1895, 12 volumes
    • Journal des campagnes du chevalier de Lévis en Canada de 1756-1760, 1889, 340 p. 1
    • Lettres du chevalier de Lévis concernant la guerre du Canada (1756-1760), 1889, 473 p. 2
    • Lettres de la cour de Versailles au baron de Dieskau, au marquis de Montcalm et au chevalier de Lévis, 1890, 250 p. 3
    • Lettres et pièces militaires: instructions, ordres, mémoires, plans de campagne et de défense, 1756-1760, 1891, 367 p. 4
    • Lettres de M. de Bourlamaque au chevalier de Lévis, 1891, 367 p. 5
    • Lettres du marquis de Montcalm au chevalier de Lévis, 1894, 240 p. 6
    • Journal du marquis de Montcalm durant ses campagnes en Canada de 1756 à 1759, 1895, 626 p. 7
    • Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis, 1895, 215 p. 8
    • Lettres de l'intendant Bigot au chevalier de Lévis, 1895, 110 p. 9
    • Lettres de divers particuliers au chevalier de Lévis, 1895, 248 p. 10
    • Relations et journaux de différentes expéditions faites durant les années 1755-56-57-58-59-60, 1895, 274 p. 11
    • Table analytique de la Collection des manuscrits du maréchal de Lévis, 1895, 151 p. 12
  • C. Boyer???, dans Bulletin de la Société d'Études Scientifiques de l'Aude, tomo LVI.

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