František Xaver Dušek

František Xaver Dušek, noto anche sotto le varianti Duschek, Duscheck e Dussek (Chotěborky, battezzato 8 dicembre 1731Praga, 12 febbraio 1799), è stato un compositore, musicista e insegnante ceco. Fu uno dei più importanti clavicembalisti e fortepianisti della sua epoca.

Biografia

František Xaver Dušek nacque a Chotěborky, vicino a Jaroměř, in Boemia. Figlio di un contadino, grazie al supporto del conte Johann Karl Sporck poté frequentare il Ginnasio Gesuita di Hradec Králové. Successivamente studiò musica a Praga sotto la guida di Franz Habermann e quindi a Vienna con Georg Christoph Wagenseil. Intorno al 1770 tornò a Praga, città nella quale rimase per il resto della sua vita. Nella capitale boema acquisì fama sia come insegnante di musica che come pianista. Tra i suoi allievi ebbe il celebre Leopold Kozeluch, Jan Vitásek, Vincenc Mašek e Carl Thomas Mozart (figlio di Wolfgang Amadeus).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart fu suo ospite presso la sua Villa Bertramka a Kosiře, fuori Praga, luogo dove terminò le sue opere Don Giovanni nel 1787 e La clemenza di Tito nel 1791.

La moglie di Dušek, Josepha Hambacher (1753-1824), fu anch'ella pianista, nonché celebre cantante soprano.

Considerazioni sull'artista

Dušek fu il più importante compositore boemo di musica strumentale della seconda metà del XVIII secolo. La maggior parte dei suoi lavori furono composti tra il 1761 e il 1796 e sono per lo più sonate, variazioni, concerti, sinfonie e quartetti per archi. Stilisticamente la sua musica si colloca tra il periodo galante e il primo classicismo, nonostante presenti talvolta tratti tipici dell'epoca barocca.

Composizioni

Musica strumentale

Musica per orchestra

  • 37 sinfonie
  • 2 serenate
  • 13 minuetti
  • 9 concerti per clavicembalo/fortepiano
  • 4 concertini per clavicembalo, violino, violoncello
  • Concertino in la magg. per clavicembalo, flauto, violino, violoncello e basso
  • Concertino in si magg. per clavicembalo, violino e basso
  • Concertino in sol magg. per clavicembalo, 2 violini, viola e basso
  • Concertino in sol magg. per clavicembalo, violino, viola e basso

Musica da camera

  • 37 partite per 2 oboi, 2 corni e 2 fagotti
  • 6 partite per 2 oboi, 2 corni e fagotto
  • 6 partite per 2 oboi e fagotto
  • 21 quartetti (quadri, divertimenti) per archi
  • Serenata in do magg. per quartetto d'archi
  • 21 trii (divertimenti) per 2 violini e basso
  • Notturno in la min. per 2 violini e basso
  • Serenata in la magg. per 2 violini e basso
  • Divertimento in fa magg. per 2 violini, 2 corni, viola e basso
  • 2 divertimenti (re magg., mi magg.) per violino, viola, 2 corni e basso
  • Serenata in mi magg. per violino, corno inglese, viola, corno e fagotto

Musica per tastiera

  • Almeno 16 sonate
  • Andante con variazioni
  • Andante con minuetto in sol magg.
  • 6 sonatine
  • 4 variazioni
  • 5 sonate per 4 mani
  • 2 divertimenti per 4 mani
  • 2 variazioni per 4 mani
  • Minuetto in do magg. per 4 mani
  • Altre composizioni minori

Musica vocale

  • 5 canzoni nei Kinder und Kinderfreunde von F.A. Spielman mit Melodien von Vinzenz Maschek und Franz Duschek
  • Diversi lavori sacri

Bibliografia

  • J.F. Reichardt, Briefe eines aufmerksamen Reisenden die Musik betreffend, p. 116 (Francoforte e Lipsia, 1774)
  • Magazin der Musik, vol. I, p. 997 (Amburgo, 1793)
  • Jb der Tonkunst von Wien und Prag, pp. 113–14 (Vienna, 1796)
  • Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, vol. I, pp. 444–5 (1798-9); vol. II, pp. 513–23 (1799-1800); vol. VIII, p. 783 (1805-6)
  • J. Patera, Bertramka v Praze (Praga, 1948)
  • H. Abert, W.A. Mozart, vol. II (Lipsia, 1956)
  • V.J. Sýkora, František Xaver Dušek: život a dílo (Praga, 1958)
  • T. Volek, Über den Ursprung von Mozarts Oper La clemenza di Tito, pp. 274–86 (1959)
  • E. Gross, Background and Problems for an Historical and Critical Edition of the String Quartets of F.X. Dušek, MMA, vol. VI, pp. 4–37 (1972)
  • R.M. Longyear e K.Covington, Sources of the Three-Key Exposition, Journal of Musicology, vol. VI, pp. 448–70 (1988)
  • M. Kabelková, Hudební archív a kapela hrabete Jana Josefa Filipa Pachty, Hudební veda, vol. XXVIII, pp. 329–33 (1991)
  • M. Poštolka: voce František Xaver Dušek in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN39561586 · ISNI (EN0000 0001 1057 4073 · CERL cnp01373430 · Europeana agent/base/49535 · LCCN (ENn81074634 · GND (DE118122274 · BNE (ESXX1726342 (data) · BNF (FRcb138935405 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007260676405171 · NDL (ENJA01053289

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