Fattore di rischio

Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze.

Un fattore di rischio è una specifica condizione che risulta statisticamente associata ad una malattia e che pertanto si ritiene possa concorrere alla sua patogenesi, favorirne lo sviluppo o accelerarne il decorso.

Un fattore di rischio non è pertanto un agente causale, ma un indicatore di probabilità che lo stesso possa associarsi ad una determinata condizione clinica; la sua assenza non esclude la comparsa della malattia, ma la sua presenza, o la compresenza di più fattori di rischio, aumenta notevolmente il rischio di malattia. Il fattore di rischio può essere un aspetto del comportamento, una caratteristica intrinseca del soggetto o genetica, un'esposizione ambientale o uno stile di vita.

La più antica analisi dei vari fattori di rischio fu stilata da Avicenna nel libro Il canone della medicina (1020s),[1] ma il primo utilizzo del termine fattore di rischio in senso moderno, correlato cioè all'analisi statistica di osservazioni epidemiologiche si deve a Thomas Royle Dawber, cardiologo statunitense che per primo effettuò uno studio sui fattori di rischio cardiovascolare e pubblicò i primi dati nel 1961[2].

Tipologia

Generalmente si suddividono in fattori di rischio non modificabili e modificabili.

Fattori di rischio non modificabili

Rientrano in questa categoria i fattori che non dipendono dalla volontà umana, e che non possono essere modificati. Fra essi i più importanti sono:

Fattori di rischio modificabili

Rientrano in questa categoria tutti i fattori collegati a esposizione del soggetto a determinati agenti, o a stili di vita della persona:

Classificazione

  • Familiari, fattori legati alla famiglia
  • Ambientali, fattori legati al luogo in cui si vive
  • Occupazionali, fattori legati alla professione svolta
  • Chimici, fattori legati all'esposizione ad agenti chimici
  • Biomeccanici, movimenti ripetuti o carichi pesanti
  • Relazionali, lavoro notturno, burn out, mobbing
  • Psicosociali, legati al carattere e alla psicologia dell'individuo.

Note

  1. ^ Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
  2. ^ Necrologio del prof. Dawber sul Washington Post

Bibliografia

  • Joseph C. Sengen, Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, New York, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-88-386-3917-3.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Controllo di autoritàThesaurus BNCF 71566
  Portale Medicina: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di medicina

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