Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus

Il virus della malattia emorragica epizootica o epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus spesso abbreviato EHDV, è un virus a doppio filamento di RNA del genere Orbivirus, un membro della famiglia Reoviridae. È l'agente eziologico della malattia emorragica epizootica, questa è una malattia acuta, infettiva e spesso fatale dei ruminanti selvatici.

In Nord America, il ruminante più gravemente colpito è il cervo dalla coda bianca (Odocoileus virginianus), sebbene possa infettare anche il cervo mulo, il cervo dalla coda nera, l'alce, la pecora bighorn e l'antilope pronghorn.[1]

Viene spesso erroneamente scambiato con il "virus della lingua blu" (BTV), questo è un altro Orbivirus che, come l'EHDV, fa sì che l'ospite sviluppi una caratteristica lingua blu a causa dell'emorragia sistemica e della mancanza di ossigeno nel sangue.[2] Nonostante mostrino somiglianze cliniche, questi due virus sono geneticamente distinti.

Storia

In tutto il mondo sono stati identificati otto sierotipi di EHDV.[3] Storicamente, solo i sierotipi EHDV-1 ed EHDV-2 sono stati trovati in Nord America, ma ricerche recenti ne hanno scoperto almeno un altro nel Midwest e nel sud degli Stati Uniti[4] L'EHDV può essere diffuso solo da un insetto vettore. In Nord America, il vettore comune è il moscerino pungente (Culicoides variipennis).

Il primo focolaio identificato di EHDV negli Stati Uniti nel 1955 causò la morte di diverse centinaia di cervi dalla coda bianca nel New Jersey e nel Michigan.[2] Altri casi di decessi simili all'EHDV sono stati segnalati prima del 1955 (fino al 1890).

In Italia è stato isolato per la prima volta il virus in alcuni capi bovini di aziende localizzate nel Sud Sardegna, ad Arbus, nel novembre 2022; cosa che ha comportato da parte del Ministero della Salute una risposta consistente nella chiusura totale, per un periodo tra le tre e le quattro settimane, ed alle movimentazione al di fuori dell’Isola e all’interno del territorio dei capi bovini.[5] Il patogeno, che si diffonde tramite gli insetti culicoidi, potrebbe esser stato veicolato, dal nord-Africa fino all'isola, dai venti dei deserti.[6]

Note

  1. ^ Copia archiviata (PDF), su nwhc.usgs.gov. URL consultato l'11 novembre 2022 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 settembre 2018).
  2. ^ a b (EN) michigan.gov, http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150-26647--,00.html."Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) in White-Tailed Deer". Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  3. ^ William C. Wilson, Emily S. O'Hearn, Christian Tellgren-Roth, David E. Stallknecht, Daniel G. Mead e James O. Mecham, Detection of All Eight Serotypes of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, in Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, vol. 21, n. 2, SAGE Publications, 2009, pp. 220–225, DOI:10.1177/104063870902100207, ISSN 1040-6387 (WC · ACNP).
  4. ^ A. B. Allison, V. H. Goekjian, A. C. Potgieter, W. C. Wilson, D. J. Johnson, P. P. C. Mertens e D. E. Stallknecht, Detection of a novel reassortant epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in the USA containing RNA segments derived from both exotic (EHDV-6) and endemic (EHDV-2) serotypes, in Journal of General Virology, vol. 91, n. 2, Microbiology Society, 14 ottobre 2009, pp. 430–439, DOI:10.1099/vir.0.015651-0, ISSN 0022-1317 (WC · ACNP).
  5. ^ Emorragia cervi: Confagri, cordone sanitario su zona infetta, su ANSA.it, 10 novembre 2022. URL consultato l'11 novembre 2022.
  6. ^ Individuato in Sardegna il virus dell’Ehd, al momento non esiste vaccino. Nieddu: “Situazione delicata, del virus si sa poco”, su Quotidiano Sanità. URL consultato l'11 novembre 2022.

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