Diagramma termodinamico

Diagramma di stato p-V-T, rappresentativo di tutti gli stati termodinamici di un sistema ad un componente.

Con il termine diagramma termodinamico si fa riferimento a un diagramma (generalmente in 2 o 3 dimensioni) in cui come coordinate compaiono grandezze termodinamiche (ad esempio temperatura, pressione, volume, entalpia, energia libera).

Tipologie di diagrammi termodinamici

Per rappresentare i possibili stati termodinamici che un sistema può assumere, si fa uso di particolari diagrammi termodinamici, chiamati "diagrammi di stato", i quali riassumono graficamente le dipendenze reciproche tra le variabili di stato. In particolare in un diagramma p-V-T possono essere rappresentati tutti gli stati termodinamici di un particolare sistema ad un componente, mentre per rappresentare sistemi in cui una delle variabili di stato è costante si utilizzano:

Esempi di diagrammi T-x per una miscela liquido-vapore.

Nel caso in cui si voglia considerare anche una variazione nella composizione del sistema, bisogna riferirsi alla composizione, esprimibile ad esempio dalla frazione molare , ad esempio:

Esistono poi dei diagrammi più specifici, utilizzati per descrivere particolari trasformazioni o sistemi, ad esempio:

Quelli descritti sono alcuni dei diagrammi termodinamici utilizzati per descrivere lo stato di un dato sistema. Possono essere utilizzate molteplici combinazioni di variabili termodinamiche per costruire un diagramma termodinamico. In questa maniera si può valutare graficamente l'effetto della variazione di una variabile termodinamica su di un'altra variabile.

Luoghi di un diagramma termodinamico classificati per grado di libertà

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Grado di libertà (termodinamica).

In un diagramma termodinamico bidimensionale sono rappresentati stati termodinamici con varianza (o grado di libertà) pari a:

Possiamo immaginare la varianza come i gradi di libertà di un punto costretto a muoversi nella regione geometrica di pertinenza del sistema considerato: per esempio, nel caso di un sistema a temperatura costante (isoterma) possiamo muoverci lungo una sola coordinata curvilinea, quindi la varianza è 1, mentre per un sistema di cui siano fissate due variabili di stato la varianza è 0, in quanto non è possibile muoverci dal punto considerato. Possiamo associare questi movimenti del punto geometrico ad una particolare trasformazione termodinamica, e possiamo immaginare il punto stesso come uno stato termodinamico. Quindi ogni stato termodinamico, essendo rappresentato da un punto, ha varianza nulla.

La varianza di un sistema termodinamico qualsiasi può essere calcolata rigorosamente applicando la regola delle fasi.

Note

  1. ^ a b c Borel, p. 82.
  2. ^ per l'esattezza, il diagramma di Andrews e il diagramma meccanico sono dei diagrammi tracciati in un piano p-V (o piano di Clapeyron).

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