Depurazione

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Vista aerea di un impianto di depurazione delle acque.

La depurazione è il sistema tecnologico che, a mezzo di opportuni impianti detti impianti di depurazione, si realizza e si attiva per eliminare dai sistemi liquidi e gassosi sostanze estranee o inquinanti. Si svolge un processo composto da una serie di azioni programmate di carattere meccanico, chimico-fisico e biologico. Gli impianti di depurazione più comuni si possono dividere in due grandi classi, a seconda di ciò che si deve depurare: aria o acqua.

Esistono anche depurazioni del suolo o sottosuolo[1] o, più in generale, di ogni altro sistema inquinato, ad esempio la depurazione dell'acciaio (detta affinazione[2]); in ogni caso l'aria e l'acqua, vista la loro caratteristica di necessità alla vita sulla Terra, rimangono preponderanti come classi degli impianti di depurazione.

Depurazione dell'aria

La depurazione dell'aria comprende diverse operazioni di separazione gas-solido, tra cui[2]:

Depurazione dell'acqua

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Trattamento delle acque reflue.

La depurazione dell'acqua può riguardare:

  • trattamento degli scarichi urbani;
  • trattamento degli scarichi industriali (ad esempio attraverso la tecnologia dell'elettroflottazione).

Alcuni dei risultati ottenibili sono: abbattimento dell'ammoniaca, dell'azoto, dello zolfo, dei metalli in soluzione ed eliminazione dei fosfati.

Nella depurazione degli scarichi urbani si procede linearmente a stadi successivi, nei quali avvengono specifiche azioni e reazioni: separazione meccanica dei grossolani, sedimentazione, digestione batterica, ossidazione (fisica, meccanica e microbiologica), filtraggi, disinfezioni finali (ipoclorito di sodio, acido peracetico, ozono, raggi ultravioletti).

Tutti i processi coinvolti nel ciclo depurativo non sono altro che gli stessi che avvengono normalmente in natura, ma massimizzati in velocità e resa all'interno dell'impianto di depurazione.

Note

  1. ^ Depurazióne dei terreni, in Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. URL consultato il 23 febbraio 2019.
  2. ^ a b Depurazióne, in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. URL consultato il 23 febbraio 2019.

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