Cultura di Rössen

Estensione geografica
Ceramica

La cultura di Rössen o cultura Roesseniana (in tedesco: Rössener Kultur) fu una cultura mitteleuropea del neolitico medio (4600-4300 a.C.).

Prende il nome dalla necropoli di Rössen (presso Leuna, nel quartiere Saalekreis, Sassonia-Anhalt) ed è stata identificata in 11 dei 16 stati della moderna Germania (è assente solo nella parte settentrionale del bassopiano germanico), ma anche nel sud-est dei Paesi Bassi, nord-est della Francia, nord della Svizzera e una piccola parte dell'Austria.

La cultura di Rössen è importante in quanto segna il passaggio dalla vasta e uniforme tradizione risalente alla cultura della ceramica lineare (LBK) del primo neolitico, verso la più diversificata situazione del medio e tardo neolitico, caratterizzata dalla comparsa delle culture di Michelsberg e del bicchiere imbutiforme.

Cultura materiale

I vasi Rössen sono tipicamente decorati con doppie incisioni e incrostazioni di pasta bianca. Incisioni scanalate o impresse sono anch'esse comuni. Nel corso del tempo, l'estensione delle zone decorate sembra diminuire in modo che sui vasi più recenti la decorazione è per lo più limitata al collo o del tutto assente. Le superfici dei vasi sono solitamente brunite; i colori vanno dal marrone al marrone rossastro e dal marrone scuro al grigio-nero.

Sepolture

Sepoltura

I morti erano perlopiù sepolti in posizione rannicchiata, sdraiati sul lato destro e rivolti a oriente. Le tombe erano scavate ad una profondità che va dai 40 ai 160 cm e occasionalmente venivane coperte con lastre di pietra.

Ascia in pietra

Alcuni indizi di possibili casi di cremazione appartenenti alla cultura di Rössen rimangono controversi. I resti cremati e le ceneri venivano raccolte insieme e accompagnate da corredi funerari incombusti.

Offerte di ceramiche comprendono coppe, tazze, scodelle, fiasche, anfore, brocche e bacini. Sono stati rinvenuti anche anelli in calcare, asce di pietra, lame di selce e ossa animali.

Economia e insediamenti

Le genti di questa cultura praticavano l'agricoltura e l'allevamento di bovini, ovini, caprini e suini.

Solo pochi insediamenti sono stati scavati. Esempi importanti sono i siti di Deiringsen-Ruploh e Schöningen/Esbeck. La struttura predominante è una casa lunga trapezoidale lunga fino a 65 m con tetto spiovente. Più partizioni interne sono una caratteristica frequente e probabilmente indicano che diverse famiglie abitavano una singola casa. J.Lüning suggerisce che gli insediamenti Rössen, a differenza di quelli LBK, furono vere e proprie comunità di villaggio. Alcuni erano circondati da earthworks. La maggior parte degli insediamenti si trova in zone con terreni tipo Černozëm.

Bibliografia

  • J. P. Mallory, "Rössen Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
  • Joachim Preuß: Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa. Kulturen-Wirtschaft-Umwelt vom 6. bis 3. Jahrtausend v.u.Z., Übersichten zum Stand der Forschung. 3 Bde. Beier und Beran, Wilkau-Haßlau, Weißbach 1996, 1998, 1999. ISBN 3-930036-10-X
  • W. Meier-Arendt: Zur Frage der Genese der Rössener Kultur. In: Germania. 52/1, 1974, 1-15. ISSN 0016-8874 (WC · ACNP)
  • H.-J. Beier (Hrsg.): Der Rössener Horizont in Mitteleuropa. Wilkau-Haßlau 1994.
  • J. Erhardt: Rössener Kultur. In: H.-J. Beier, R. Einicke (Hrsg.): Das Neolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Wilkau-Haßlau 1996, 76-77.
  • J. Lüning: Steinzeitliche Bauern in Deutschland - die Landwirtschaft im Neolithikum. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 58 (Bonn 2000).
  • U. Piening: Pflanzenreste Die Pflanzenreste aus Gruben der Linearbandkeramik und der Rössener Kultur von Ditzingen, Kr. Ludwigsburg. In: Fundber. Baden-Württemberg 22/1, 1998, 125-160.
  • H. Behrens: Die Rössener, Gaterslebener und Jordansmühler Gruppe im Mitteldeutschen Raum. Fundamenta A 3, Teil Va (Köln 1972.), 270 ff.
  • J. Lichardus: Rössen – Gatersleben – Baalberge. Ein Beitrag zur Chronologie des mitteldeutschen Neolithikums und zur Entstehung der Trichterbecherkulturen. Saarbrücker Beitr. Altkde. 17 (Bonn 1976).
  • K. Mauser-Goller: Die Rössener Kultur in ihrem südwestlichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Fundamenta A 3, Teil Va (Köln 1972), 231-268.
  • F. Niquet: Die Rössener Kultur in Mitteldeutschland. Jahresschr. Mitteldt. Vorgesch. 26, 1937.
  • H. Spatz/S. Alföldy-Thomas: Die „Große Grube“ der Rössener Kultur in Heidelberg-Neuenheim. Materialhefte Vor- und Frühgesch. Baden-Württemberg 11 (Stuttgart 1988).
  • Otto Thielemann: "Eine Rössener Prachtvase von Burgdorf, Kreis Goslar", Die Kunde, Jg.9,10/1941

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