Blacky pictures test

Il Blacky pictures test (BPT) è un test proiettivo, volto ad indagare attraverso 12 vignette, le dinamiche della personalità dei bambini, secondo il modello psicosessuale freudiano. Rientra tra i reattivi narrativi o di contenuto.

Il test è stato creato da Gerald S. Blum nel 1947[1], che è stato docente di psicologia presso l'Università del Michigan.

Le vignette raffigurano una "famiglia" di cani in particolari situazioni che possono essere collegate a fenomeni della teoria psicoanalitica. Il protagonista è "Blacky", accompagnato dal fratello (Tippy), dalla madre e dal padre. Il genere di Blacky viene determinato in base a quello del soggetto che viene esaminato. Ai bambini viene chiesto di inventare una storia, basata sui disegni nelle vignette, e il contenuto delle loro risposte, una volta analizzato, è stato pensato per indicare i tratti delle personalità descritte da Freud (ad esempio angoscia di castrazione o invidia del pene).

La validità e l'attendibilità del Blacky Pictures Test è stata contestata da diversi psicologi, tra cui Hans Eysenck.

Usi, ricerca e risultati

Quando il test fu creato, nel 1947, il suo scopo principale era quello di aiutare l'analista a comprendere i cambiamenti della personalità che avvengono nel bambino e come lui o lei progrediva attraverso le fasi freudiane dello sviluppo psicosessuale[2]. Lo psicoanalista mostrava le vignette del test di Blacky a un paziente e le sue reazioni venivano analizzate in relazione ai tratti di personalità descritti da Freud[3]. I soggetti venivano valutati in base a diverse dimensioni, tra cui: erotismo orale (oral eroticism), sadismo orale (oral sadism), angoscia di castrazione, rivalità tra fratelli (sibling rivality), identificazione positiva dell'Io e oggetto d'amore narcisistico. Le vignette di Blacky sono state utilizzate per diagnosticare vari disturbi psicologici o psichiatrici sia nei bambini che negli adulti[4].

Negli anni successivi, il Blacky Pictures Test è stato esaminato da vari ricercatori come Blum e Kaufman[5] e Bernstein e Chase[6]. I risultati delle ricerche sono tuttavia ambigui. Ad esempio, Blum e Kaufman hanno trovato una differenza significativa tra i gruppi riguardo all'erotismo orale[5]. Quando lo studio fu replicato da Bernstein e Chase, tuttavia, non fu trovata alcuna differenza tra i gruppi[6].

Note

  1. ^ Gerald S. Blum, su um2017.org, 2011. URL consultato il 17 gennaio 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 18 gennaio 2018).
  2. ^ Fancher, R. E, & Rutherford, A. (2012). A history: Pioneers of psychology. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  3. ^ Nye, R.D. (1986). Three psychologies: Perspectives from Freud, Skinner, and Rogers. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Inc.
  4. ^ Blum G. S. e Hunt H. F., The validity of the blacky pictures, in Psychological Bulletin, vol. 49, 1952, pp. 238–250, DOI:10.1037/h0057240.
  5. ^ a b Blum, G. S., & Kaufman, J. B. (1952). "Two patterns of personality dynamics in male peptic ulcer patients as suggested by responses to the Blacky Pictures". in "Journal of Clinical Psychology", 8(3), pp. 273-278.
  6. ^ a b Bernstien L. e Chase P.H., The discriminative ability of the blacky pictures with ulcer patients, in Journal of Consulting Psychology, vol. 19, 1955, pp. 377–380.

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