Avemetatarsalia

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Avemetatarsalia
In senso orario da in alto a sinistra:
Tupuxuara leonardi (uno pterosauro),
Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, (un sauropode),
Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus (un'ornithopode),
Daspletosaurus torosus (un teropode, Tyrannosauroidea),
Pentaceratops sternbergii (un ceratopside),
e Gru cenerina (un teropode, uccello moderno).
Classificazione scientifica
DominioEukaryota
RegnoAnimalia
PhylumChordata
CladeSauropsida
CladeArchosauria
CladeAvemetatarsalia
Benton, 1999
Sinonimi
  • Ornithosuchia Huene, 1908
  • Pan-Aves Gauthier, 2001
Sottogruppi

Avemetatarsalia (il cui nome significa "metatarsi da uccello") è un clade edificato dal paleontologo britannico Michael Benton nel 1999, per tutti gli archosauri del gruppo corona "più vicini agli uccelli che ai coccodrilli".[1] Il clade include un sottogruppo definito in modo simile, Ornithodira. Un nome alternativo è Pan-Aves, ossia "tutti gli uccelli", in riferimento alla sua definizione contenente tutti gli animali, viventi o estinti, che sono più strettamente legati agli uccelli che ai coccodrilli.

I membri di questo gruppo includono i Dinosauromorpha, gli Pterosauromorpha, il genere Scleromochlus e gli Aphanosauria. Dinosauromorpha contiene diverse forme basali, tra cui Lagerpeton e Marasuchus, così come più forme derivate, compresi i dinosauri. Gli uccelli appartengono ai dinosauri come membri di Theropoda. Pterosauromorpha contiene Pterosauria, che furono i primi vertebrati in grado di volare. Aphanosauria è un gruppo triassico di archosauri quadrupedi carnivori, che è stato riconosciuto nel 2017.[2]

Descrizione

In generale, gli avemetatarsalia sono dotati di una postura eretta, simile a quella dei mammiferi, e possiedono un collo curvato a S. Rispetto agli altri arcosauri, gli avemetatarsalia possedevano generalmente una minore robustezza corporea e minori dimensioni (eccezion fatta per alcuni dinosauri e pterosauri). Il cranio era decisamente leggero rispetto a quello dei crurotarsi. Molti avemetatarsali (tra cui i teropodi ed altri dinosauri) raggiunsero una condizione bipede.

Evoluzione

Gli avemetatarsali apparvero nel corso del Triassico medio (circa 235 milioni di anni fa) e, fin dall'inizio della loro storia evolutiva,

si possono riconoscere due gruppi ben distinti: gli afanosauri (Aphanosauria) e gli ornitodiri (Ornithodira).

Gli ornitodiri, poi, si diversificarono subito in due linee principali: i dinosauromorfi (Dinosauromorpha) e gli pterosauromorfi

(Pterosauromorpha).

I primi si svilupparono dapprima con forme basali minuscole (Lagerpeton, Marasuchus...), ma dopo pochi milioni di anni diedero origine a una vera e propria esplosione di forme grandi ed evolute, ovvero i dinosauri. I dinosauri, classicamente ma erroneamente divisi nei due gruppi dei saurischi (Saurischia) e degli ornitischi (Ornithischia), divennero i dominatori incontrastati del pianeta per 150 milioni di anni. È ormai ampiamente dimostrato che un particolare gruppo di dinosauri, i teropodi, sia all'origine degli uccelli attuali; a tutti gli effetti, quindi, gli uccelli sono un gruppo di dinosauri estremamente specializzato. Gli uccelli sono l'unico gruppo di ornitodiri ancora esistenti.

Gli pterosauromorfi, invece, comprendono alcune forme primitive come Scleromochlus e, soprattutto, i ben noti pterosauri (o "rettili volanti"). Questi furono i primi vertebrati capaci di un vero e proprio volo. È interessante notare che, secondo molti studiosi, gli pterosauri non possedevano un collo a S e nemmeno una postura eretta. Gli pterosauri dominarono i cieli del Mesozoico per tutto il Giurassico e il Cretacico, per poi estinguersi alla fine del periodo come gran parte degli altri "rettili", tra cui i dinosauri (ad esclusione degli uccelli). I motivi di questa estinzione non sono ancora chiari, ma sembra probabile che tra le cause vi fosse l'impatto di un meteorite sulla Terra.

Filogenetica

Di seguito è riportato un cladogramma recante gli studi di Nesbitt et al. (2017):[2]

Archosauria

Pseudosuchia (arcosauri del lignaggio-coccodrillo)

Avemetatarsalia

Aphanosauria

Ornithodira 

†Pterosauromorpha (=Pterosauria)

 Dinosauromorpha 

Lagerpetonidae

 Dinosauriformes 

Marasuchus

Silesauridae

 Dinosauria 

Ornithischia

 Saurischia 

Sauropodomorpha

Theropoda

Note

  1. ^ M.J. Benton, Scleromochlus taylori and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs (PDF), in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 354, 1999, pp. 1423–1446, DOI:10.1098/rstb.1999.0489, PMC 1692658.
  2. ^ a b Sterling J. Nesbitt, Richard J. Butler, Martín D. Ezcurra, Paul M. Barrett, Michelle R. Stocker, Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Roger M. H. Smith, Christian A. Sidor, Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Andrey G. Sennikov e Alan J. Charig, The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan, in Nature, 2017, DOI:10.1038/nature22037.

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