Arno Penzias

Arno Allan Penzias (Monaco di Baviera, 26 aprile 1933^[1] – San Francisco, 22 gennaio 2024^[2]^[1]) è stato un fisico tedesco naturalizzato statunitense.

Vinse il premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1978 per la scoperta della radiazione cosmica di fondo.^[1]

Biografia

Nacque a Monaco di Baviera, figlio di Justine Eisenreich e Karl Penzias, pellettieri.^[3]^[4] I nonni di Penzias provenivano dalla Polonia, di fede ebraica ed erano alla guida della sinagoga della Reichenbachstraße (Monaco di Baviera). All'età di sei anni fece parte del contingente di circa 10 000 bambini ebrei evacuati in Gran Bretagna con il famoso Kindertransport. Nel 1940 fu trasferito a New York con la sua famiglia. Conseguì il dottorato in fisica nel 1962 alla Columbia University di New York.^[1] Fra i suoi maestri ebbe Fred Hoyle.^[5] Nel 1978 ricevette il Premio Nobel per la Fisica insieme a Robert Wilson e a Pëtr Kapica (quest'ultimo per una ricerca non correlata).

Penzias e Wilson - ricercatori dei Bell Laboratories - scoprirono nel 1964 la radiazione cosmica di fondo mentre stavano lavorando con un nuovo tipo di antenna per microonde. I due captarono un rumore di origine ignota con frequenze caratteristiche delle microonde e di intensità costante.^[6] Ignari della natura del fenomeno, i due si rivolsero a Robert H. Dicke della Princeton University, il quale si rese subito conto che quel rumore altro non era che la radiazione cosmica di fondo ipotizzata negli anni quaranta dall'astrofisico e cosmologo George Gamow.^[7]

La scoperta è considerata la più importante tra le prove sperimentali a favore delle teorie cosmologiche che prevedono un Big Bang, proposta da Aleksandr Aleksandrovič Fridman e Georges Lemaître negli anni venti del XX secolo.

Morì a San Francisco il 22 gennaio 2024, all'età di 90 anni, per complicazioni della malattia di Alzheimer.^[2]^[1]

Note

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Davide Re, Morto Penzias, premio Nobel che confermò la teoria del Big Bang, su Avvenire, 23 gennaio 2024. URL consultato il 2 aprile 2024 (archiviato il 25 gennaio 2024).
^ ^a ^b (EN) Katie Hafner, Arno A. Penzias, 90, Dies; Nobel Physicist Confirmed Big Bang Theory, su The New York Times, 22 gennaio 2024. URL consultato il 2 aprile 2024 (archiviato il 29 marzo 2024).
^ (EN) Emily J. McMurray, Notable Twentieth-century Scientists, Gale Research, 1995, p. 1565, ISBN 9780810391840. URL consultato il 2 aprile 2024.
^ Arno Allan Penzias, su HowStuffWorks, luglio 2010. URL consultato il 26 novembre 2013.
^ Dio. La scienza, le prove, Sonda, 2024, p. 91
^ (EN) A. A. Penzias, R. W. Wilson, A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s, in Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, 1965, pp. 419–421, DOI:10.1086/148307.
^ Bryson, Bill (2003). Breve Storia di (Quasi) Tutto. ITA: TEA Libri. ISBN 978-88-502-1549-2

Bibliografia

L'Origine dell'Universo, Di Renzo Editore, 2006
Riccardo Chiaberge, La variabile Dio - In cosa credono gli scienziati? Un confronto tra George Coyne e Arno Penzias, Longanesi, 2008

Altri progetti

Wikiquote contiene citazioni di o su Arno Penzias
Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Arno Penzias

Collegamenti esterni

Penzias, Arno Allan, su sapere.it, De Agostini.
(EN) Arno Penzias, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
(EN) Arno Penzias, su nobelprize.org.
(EN) Arno Penzias, su IMDb, IMDb.com.

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la fisica
1901 - 1925	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1901) • Hendrik Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman (1902) • Antoine Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie (1903) • John William Strutt Rayleigh (1904) • Philipp von Lenard (1905) • Joseph John Thomson (1906) • Albert Abraham Michelson (1907) • Gabriel Lippmann (1908) • Carl Ferdinand Braun, Guglielmo Marconi (1909) • Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1910) • Wilhelm Wien (1911) • Nils Gustaf Dalén (1912) • Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) • Max von Laue (1914) • William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg (1915) • Charles Glover Barkla (1917) • Max Planck (1918) • Johannes Stark (1919) • Charles Edouard Guillaume (1920) • Albert Einstein (1921) • Niels Bohr (1922) • Robert Millikan (1923) • Manne Siegbahn (1924) • James Franck, Gustav Hertz (1925)
1926 - 1950	Jean Baptiste Perrin (1926) • Arthur Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1927) • Owen Willans Richardson (1928) • Louis de Broglie (1929) • Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1930) • Werner Karl Heisenberg (1932) • Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrödinger (1933) • James Chadwick (1935) • Carl David Anderson, Victor Franz Hess (1936) • Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson (1937) • Enrico Fermi (1938) • Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1939) • Otto Stern (1943) • Isidor Isaac Rabi (1944) • Wolfgang Pauli (1945) • Percy Williams Bridgman (1946) • Edward Victor Appleton (1947) • Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1948) • Hideki Yukawa (1949) • Cecil Frank Powell (1950)
1951 - 1975	John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Walton (1951) • Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell (1952) • Frits Zernike (1953) • Max Born, Walther Bothe (1954) • Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb (1955) • John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, William Bradford Shockley (1956) • Tsung-Dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang (1957) • Pavel Alekseevič Čerenkov, Il'ja Michajlovič Frank, Igor' Evgen'evič Tamm (1958) • Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè (1959) • Donald Glaser (1960) • Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (1961) • Lev Davidovič Landau (1962) • Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Hans Jensen, Eugene Wigner (1963) • Nikolaj Gennadievič Basov, Aleksandr Michajlovič Prochorov, Charles Hard Townes (1964) • Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1965) • Alfred Kastler (1966) • Hans Bethe (1967) • Luis Álvarez (1968) • Murray Gell-Mann (1969) • Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel (1970) • Dennis Gabor (1971) • John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, Robert Schrieffer (1972) • Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian Josephson (1973) • Antony Hewish, Martin Ryle (1974) • Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Mottelson, James Rainwater (1975)
1976 - 2000	Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting (1976) • Philip Warren Anderson, Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck (1977) • Pëtr Leonidovič Kapica, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson (1978) • Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg (1979) • James Cronin, Val Fitch (1980) • Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Schawlow, Kai Siegbahn (1981) • Kenneth Geddes Wilson (1982) • Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler (1983) • Simon van der Meer, Carlo Rubbia (1984) • Klaus von Klitzing (1985) • Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer, Ernst Ruska (1986) • Georg Bednorz, Karl Alexander Müller (1987) • Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger (1988) • Hans Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul, Norman Foster Ramsey (1989) • Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall, Richard Edward Taylor (1990) • Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1991) • Georges Charpak (1992) • Russell Alan Hulse, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (1993) • Bertram Brockhouse, Clifford Shull (1994) • Martin Lewis Perl, Frederick Reines (1995) • David M. Lee, Douglas Osheroff, Robert Coleman Richardson (1996) • Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William Phillips (1997) • Robert Laughlin, Horst Störmer, Daniel Tsui (1998) • Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus Veltman (1999) • Žores Ivanovič Alfërov, Jack St. Clair Kilby, Herbert Kroemer (2000)
2001 - oggi	Eric Allin Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl Wieman (2001) • Raymond Davis Jr., Riccardo Giacconi, Masatoshi Koshiba (2002) • Aleksej Alekseevič Abrikosov, Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg, Anthony James Leggett (2003) • David Gross, David Politzer, Frank Wilczek (2004) • Roy Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor Hänsch (2005) • John Cromwell Mather, George Fitzgerald Smoot (2006) • Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg (2007) • Yōichirō Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa (2008) • Charles K. Kao, Willard Sterling Boyle, George Elwood Smith (2009) • Andrej Gejm, Konstantin Novosëlov (2010) • Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, Adam Riess (2011) • Serge Haroche, David Wineland (2012) • François Englert, Peter Higgs (2013) • Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shūji Nakamura (2014) • Takaaki Kajita, Arthur McDonald (2015) • David Thouless, Duncan Haldane, John Michael Kosterlitz (2016) • Rainer Weiss, Barry Clark Barish, Kip Thorne (2017) • Arthur Ashkin, Gérard Mourou, Donna Strickland (2018) • Jim Peebles, Michel Mayor, Didier Queloz (2019) • Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, Andrea Ghez (2020) • Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, Giorgio Parisi (2021) • Alain Aspect, John Clauser, Anton Zeilinger (2022) • Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L'Huillier (2023) • John Hopfield, Geoffrey Hinton (2024)

Controllo di autorità	VIAF (EN) 110634114 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0000 8176 6155 · SBN CFIV093663 · LCCN (EN) n79132063 · GND (DE) 112914187 · BNF (FR) cb12749405g (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007276496005171 · NSK (HR) 000097763 · NDL (EN, JA) 00472913

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