Protektorat Beiting

Protektorat (-Umum) Beiting
Hanzi tradisional: 北庭(大)都護府
Hanzi sederhana: 北庭(大)都護府
Makna harfiah: Protektorat (Besar) Istana Utara
Mural untuk memperingati kemenangan Jenderal Zhang Yichao atas Kekaisaran Tibet tahun 848 (Gua Mogao 156, bekas Dinasti Tang

Protektorat-Umum Beiting, awalnya "Protektorat Beiting", adalah sebuah protektorat Dinasti Tang yang dibentuk pada tahun 702 untuk mengendalikan wilayah "Beiting" di utara Gaochang di Xinjiang masa sekarang.[1] Wu Zetian membentuk Protektorat Beiting di Prefektur Ting (Kabupaten Jimsar) dan memberikannya kekuasaan kegubernuran atas Prefektur Yi (Hami) dan Prefektur Xi (Gaochang). Beiting Protektorat berakhir pada tahun 790 ketika Tingzhou ditaklukkan oleh Kekaisaran Tibet. Pada tahun 2014 reruntuhan kota Beiting ditetapkan sebagai bagian dari Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO Jalur Sutra.

Sejarah

Pada tahun 702, Wu Zetian membentuk Protektorat Beiting di Prefektur Ting (Kabupaten Jimsar) dan memberikannya kekuasaan kegubernuran atas Prefektur Yi (Hami) dan Prefektur Xi (Gaochang).[2]

Pada tahun 715, Kekaisaran Tibet menyerang Protektorat Beiting.[3] Pada tahun 735 Türgesy menyerang Prefektur Ting.[4] Pada tahun 755 Pemberontakan An Lushan terjadi dan Dinasti Tang menarik 200.000 tentara dari Wilayah Barat untuk melindungi ibu kota.[5]

Pada tahun 764, Kekaisaran Tibet menyerbu Koridor Hexi dan menaklukkan Prefektur Liang,[6] melepaskan Anxi dan Beiting dari kekuasaan Dinasti Tang. Namun protektorat Anxi dan Beiting dibiarkan relatif tanpa gangguan di bawah kepemimpinan Guo Xin dan Li Yuanzhong.[7]

Pada tahun 780, Li Yuanzhong secara resmi dijadikan jenderal pelindung Beiting setelah mengirim pesan rahasia ke Kaisar Dezong dari Tang.[8] Pada tahun 781, Kekaisaran Tibet menaklukkan Prefektur Yi.[9] Pada tahun 789, biarawan Wukong melewati Prefektur Ting dan menemukan bahwa komandan Tiongkok di sana adalah Yang Xigu.[10]

Pada tahun 790, Kekaisaran Tibet menaklukkan Prefektur Ting.[9] Kemudian pada tahun 792, Kekaisaran Tibet menaklukkan Prefektur Xi.[9]

Pascadominasi Tibet

Segera setelah penaklukan Tibet di Prefektur Xi, daerah ini direbut oleh Kekhanan Uighur, setelah itu daerah tersebut menjadi perbatasan antara dua kekaisaran.[11]

Zhang Yichao memberontak terhadap kekuasaan Tibet di Prefektur Sha (Dunhuang) pada tahun 848. Pada tahun 850, dia merebut kembali Prefektur Yi, Prefektur Xi tahun 851, dan Prefektur Ting pada tahun 866. Namun dia segera kehilangan prefektur Ting dan Xi serta Luntai (Ürümqi) kepada Kerajaan Qocho. Pada tahun 876, Prefektur Yi juga direbut oleh Kerajaan Qocho.

Lihat pula

Referensi

Kutipan

  1. ^ Drompp 2005, hlm. 104.
  2. ^ Xiong 2008, hlm. 58.
  3. ^ Wang 2013, hlm. 157.
  4. ^ Bregel 2003, hlm. 19.
  5. ^ Wang 2013, hlm. 167.
  6. ^ Beckwith 1987, hlm. 149.
  7. ^ "舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2017. 上元元年,河西軍鎮多為吐蕃所陷。有舊將李元忠守北庭,郭昕守安西府,二鎮與沙陀、回鶻相依,吐蕃久攻之不下。In the first year of the Shangyuan era [760], the Hexi Army Defense Command fell to the Tibetans. Beiting and Anxi were guarded by Li Yuanzhong and the old general Guo Xin, who along with the Shatuo and Uyghurs, were able to prevent the Tibetans from taking the two garrisons. 
  8. ^ "舊唐書". 中國哲學書電子化計劃. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2017. 建中元年,元忠、昕遣使間道奏事,德宗嘉之,以元忠為北庭都護,昕為安西都護。In the first year of the Jianzhong era [780], Yuanzhong and Xin dispatched envoys through a remote path to memorialize the emperor. Dezong commended them and Yuanzhong became protector-general of Beiting while Xin became protector-general of Anxi. 
  9. ^ a b c Bregel 2003, hlm. 21.
  10. ^ "佛說十力經". Sutta Central. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2017. 
  11. ^ Beckwith 1987, hlm. 156.

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