Ikatan karbon–nitrogen

Ikatan karbon-nitrogen adalah ikatan kovalen antara karbon dan nitrogen dan merupakan salah satu ikatan paling berlimpah dalam kimia organik dan biokimia.[1]

Nitrogen memiliki lima elektron valensi dan dalam amina sederhana merupakan trivalen, dengan dua elektron yang tersisa membentuk pasangan elektron sunyi. Melalui pasangan tersebut, nitrogen dapat membentuk ikatan tambahan dengan hidrogen sehingga membuatnya bersifat tetravalen dan dengan muatan positif dalam garam amonium. Banyak senyawa nitrogen dapat berpotensi menjadi basa namun derajatnya bergantung pada konfigurasi: atom nitrogen dalam amida tidak basa karena delokalisasi pasangan elektron sunyi menjadi ikatan rangkap dan dalam pirol pasangan elektron sunyi tersebut adalah bagian dari sekstet aromatik.

Serupa dengan ikatan karbon-karbon, ikatan ini dapat membentuk ikatan rangkap dua yang stabil, seperti pada imina, dan ikatan rangkap tiga seperti nitril. Panjang ikatan berkisar dari 147,9 pm untuk amina sederhana menjadi 147,5 pm untuk senyawa C-N= seperti nitrometana menjadi 135,2 pm untuk ikatan rangkap parsial dalam piridin menjadi 115,8 pm untuk ikatan rangkap tiga seperti pada nitril.[2]

Suatu ikatan CN sangat terpolarisasi terhadap nitrogen (elektronegativitas dari C dan N adalah masing-masing 2,55 dan 3,04) dan selanjutnya momen dipol molekul bisa tinggi: sianamida 4,27 D, diazometana 1,5 D, metil azida 2,17, piridin 2,19. Karena alasan ini banyak senyawa yang mengandung ikatan CN bersifat larut dalam air.

Kelompok fungsional nitrogen

Klasifikasi kimia Orde ikatan Rumus Rumus Struktural Contoh Rerata panjang ikatan C–N (Å)[3]
Amina 1 R2C-NH2 Amina utama metilamina
Metilamina
1,469 (amina netral)
1,499 (garam amonium)
Aziridin 1 CH2NHCH2 Aziridin Fenil azida
Mitomisin
1,472
Azida 1 R2C-N3 Azida Fenil azida
fenil azida
Anilin 1 Ph-NH2 Anilin Ansidin
Anisidin
1,355 (sp2 N)
1.395 (sp3 N)
1,465 (garam amonium)
Pirol 1 amide Asetamida
Porpirin
1,372
Amida 1.2 R-CO-NR2 amida Asetamida
Asetamida
1,325 (primer)
1,334 (sekunder)
1,346 (tersier)
Piridin 1.5 pyr piridin Nikotinamida
Nikotinamida
1,337
Imina 2 R2C=NR imina Ansidin
DBN
1,279 (ikatan C=N)
1,465 (ikatan C–N)
Nitril 3 R-CN Nitril Benzonitril
Benzonitril
1,136
Isonitril 3 R-NC isonitril TOSMIC
TOSMIC

Referensi

  1. ^ Organic Chemistry John McMurry 2nd Ed.
  2. ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 65Th Ed.
  3. ^ F. H. Allen, O. Kennard, D. G. Watson, L. Brammer, A. G. Orpen. Tables of bond Lengths determined by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction. Part 1. Bond Lengths in Organic Compounds. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II 1987, S1-S19.

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