Hidrokarbon aromatik

Sebuah hidrokarbon aromatik atau arena[1] (kadang juga disebut hidrokarbon aril)[2] adalah hidrokarbon dengan ikatan tunggal dan atau ikatan ganda di antara atom-atom karbonnya. Konfigurasi 6 atom karbon pada senyawa aromatik dikenal dengan cincin benzena. Hidrokarbon aromatik dapat berupa monosiklik atau polisiklik.

Beberapa senyawa aromatik yang bukan merupakan turunan benzena disebut dengan heteroarena, senyawa-senyawa ini mengikuti Aturan Hückel. Pada senyawa-senyawa ini, paling sedikit ada satu atom karbon yang digantikan oleh atom lainnya, misalnya oksigen, nitrogen, atau sulfur. Salah satu contohn senyawanya adalah furan, sebuah senyawa heterosiklik cincin yang mempunyai 5 anggota, salah satunya atom oksigen. Contoh lainnya adalah piridina, sebuah senyawa heterosiklik cincin dengan 6 anggota, salah satunya atom nitrogen.[3]

Reaksi arena

Arena merupakan reaktan di banyak reaksi organik.

Substitusi aromatik

Pada substitusi aromatik, 1 substituen pada cincin arena (biasanya hidrogen) akan digantikan dengan substituen lainnya. 2 tipe utama adalah substitusi aromatik elektrofilik (reagen aktifnya elektrofil) dan substitusi aromatik nukleofilik (reagennya nukleofil). Pada substitusi aromatik radikal-nukleofilik, reagen aktifnya berupa radikal. Salah satu contohnya adalah nitrasi dari asam salisilat:[4]

Nitrasi dari asam salisilat

Reaksi penggandengan

Pada reaksi penggandengan, logam akan mengkatalisasi penggandengan di antara 2 fragmen radikal formal. Hasil yang biasanya didapat dari reaksi penggandengan adalah pembentukan ikatan karbon-karbon baru, misalnya alkilarena, vinil arena, biraril, ikatan karbon-nitrogen (anilina) atau ikatan karbon-oksigen baru. Contohnya adalah arilasi dari perfluorobenzena:[5]

Reaksi penggandengan

Lihat juga

Referensi

  1. ^ Definition IUPAC Gold Book Link Diarsipkan 2009-09-29 di Wayback Machine.
  2. ^ Mechanisms of Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Maria Backlund, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
  3. ^ HighBeam Encyclopedia: aromatic compound
  4. ^ Templat:Cite DOI
  5. ^ Templat:Cite DOI

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