Lagrange-féle középértéktétel

Ábra a tételhez: a piros szelő párhuzamos a zöld érintővel

A Lagrange-féle középértéktétel a matematika, ezen belül az analízis egyik fontos tétele.

A tétel állítása

Ha f folytonos függvény a zárt intervallumban és differenciálható a nyílt intervallumban, akkor van olyan szám, amire

teljesül.

Ez körülbelül azt jelenti: ha húzunk egy vonalat a két végpont között, akkor lesz legalább egy pont a függvényen, aminek a deriváltja párhuzamos ezzel a vonallal.

Egy példán keresztül egyszerűbb megérteni. Autóval utaztunk egyik városból egy másikba és az átlagsebességünk 100 km/óra volt. Ahhoz, hogy pontosan ennyi legyen az átlagsebesség, vagy konstans 100 km/órával kellett mennünk, vagy pedig néha gyorsabban, néha lassabban. Ha lassabban, akkor később gyorsabban is kell mennünk, hogy az átlagsebesség valóban 100 km/óra legyen.

Ez a tétel azt mondja ki, hogy valamikor az út során kell lennie legalább egy pontnak, amikor a kocsi pontosan 100 km/órával ment - az átlagsebességével.

Bizonyítás

A tételt visszavezetjük speciális esetére, a Rolle-tételre. Legyen -re

A g függvény nyilván folytonos az intervallumban és a belső pontokban

Továbbá

Alkalmazhatjuk tehát Rolle tételét és kapjuk, hogy van olyan c pont amire , azaz

Általánosítás

A Lagrange-féle középértéktétel általánosítása a Cauchy-féle középértéktétel.

A tétel magasabb dimenziókban

Legyen az szakaszon differenciálható függvény (esetén az szakaszon az pontokat értjük). Ekkor van olyan , amelyre

teljesül.

Bizonyítás

Legyen egy függvény. Mivel differenciálható a intervallumon, ezért alkalmazhatjuk a tétel 1 dimenziós változatát, azaz , hogy

g definícióját beírva:

jelöléssel kapjuk a bizonyítandó állítást.

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