נקודת תצפית (ספרות)

נקודת תצפית היא מונח בספרות המציין את עמדת הדובר או הדמויות ביצירה, את הידע שלהם ואת הפרספקטיבה שלהם, והיא שם כולל למערך הנורמות והידע של הדובר או של הדמויות.

את המילה תצפית חידש הבלשן יצחק אפשטיין.[1]

נקודת תצפית משולבת

החל מספרות המאה ה-19 החלו סופרים להשתמש בנקודת תצפית משולבת (הידועה גם בכינוי סיפר משולב), שהיא טכניקה המגבילה את מסירת המידע לנקודת התצפית של דמות מסוימת. מקובל לייחס את השימוש בטכניקה זו להנרי ג'יימס, אולם ישנם חוקרים הטוענים שדווקא ג'יין אוסטן השתמשה בה לראשונה.

לדוגמה, במשפט "ניק הביט בשעונו. השעה הייתה 5 לפנות בוקר" ניתן לראות כי המספר עוקב אחר מבט הדמות, והמידע במשפט נמסר בהתאם לזמן שבו הדמות קולטת אותו. לעיתים משתמשים גם במבע משולב, כלומר, שימוש באוצר מילים ובביטויים המתאימים לדמות.

נקודת תצפית משולבת לא חייבת להיות "גלובלית", כלומר להתפרש לכל אורך היצירה. אין הכרח שמספר, שנצמד לנקודת התצפית של דמות אחת, ימשיך להגביל את עצמו לאותה נקודת תצפית. כמו כן, לא מן הנמנע שהדובר יגביל את עצמו למספר נקודות תצפית שונות לכל אורך היצירה. בסיפור "המרקיזה פון או" של היינריך פון קלייסט, לדוגמה, הדובר מגביל את עצמו תחילה לנקודת תצפית של דמות אחת, ולאחר מכן נצמד לנקודת תצפית של דמות אחרת. במקרים רבים לאורך הסיפור, קשה לדעת לאיזו נקודת תצפית בחר הדובר להיצמד.

כמו כן, דובר שהוא אחת מהדמויות ביצירה יכול להיות מוגבל לנקודת התצפית של עצמו בעבר. במקרים אלו הדובר יספר על עצמו בעבר, ויגביל את מסירת האינפורמציה בסיפור בהתאם למה שהוא ידע אז. כלומר, במקום לספר את סוף הסיפור הידוע לו מיד, הוא בוחר לספר את הסיפור כפי שאירע.

ראו גם

קישורים חיצוניים

הערות שוליים

  1. ^ דוד סמילנסקי, עם בני ארצי ועירי, הועד הצבורי להוצאת כתביו שח דוד סמילנסקי ומסדה, עמ' 127, 1958

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