לגנדה

לווין מדגם УС-А ששוגר בשם "קוסמוס 954"

לגנדהרוסית:Легенда) הייתה מערכת לגילוי מטרות במרחב הימי והעברת מידע בזמן אמת לאוניות הצי הסובייטי ולתחנות קרקע של הצי. המערכת פעלה בשנים 19782006.

המערכת פותחה במקום מערכת דומה שהתבססה על תחנות קרקע ומטוסי ביון שפעלה החל משנת 1965. עד לשנת 1965 הלוויינים פותחו במפעלי "משינוסטרויניה" ובהמשך תכנון וייצור עברו למפעל "ארסנל" שבלנינגרד. אחריות כוללת על המערכת הייתה על "משרד תכנון מס' 1" שבמוסקבה. לצורך כיסוי כלל המרחב הימי על ידי מסלולי הלוויינים בוצעו חישובים בהשתתפות מסטיסלב קלדיש. כל הלוויינים של המערכת שוגרו תחת שם "קוסמוס" מקוסמודרום בייקונור בעזרת משגר מדגם "ציקלון 2".

המערכת התבססה על 2 סוגי לוויינים:

  • לוויין נשלט פסיבי (УС-П) שאליו הייתה מותקנת מערכת מודיעין אותות והוא היה מגלה מקור השידור. הלוויין פעל בגובה של 420 ק"מ ומשקלו היה 3.3 טון. מקור האנרגיה היה פאנל סולארי.
  • לוויין נשלט אקטיבי (УС-А) שאליו הותקנה מערכת מכ"ם. בעקבות כך הוא הוצב בגובה נמוך - 270 ק"מ בלבד. בגובה זה לא היה פרקטי להתקין פאנל סולארי ולכן הלוויין היה מצויד במקור אנרגיה גרעינית. משקל הלוויין היה כ-3.8 טון מזה 1.250 טון היה ריאקטור. ריאקטור היה מקור קרינה משמעותי. לכן בסיום פעילות הלוויין הוא היה מועבר למסלול בגובה 750–1000 ק"מ. במהלך פעילות הלוויינים התרחשו מספר תקלות שגרמו לנפילת הלווין על הקרקע וזיהומה. בשנת 1988 שימוש במקור אנרגיה זה נאסרה ברמה בין לאומית ולא היו שיגורים נוספים.

בשנת 1993 פותח לוויין משופר US-PM שהיה יכול להחליף לוויינים של הדור הקודם. הוא פעל בגובה 420 ק"מ. שיגורים של לוויין מסוג זה נמשכו עד לשנת 2006. בסך הכול שוגרו 13 לוויינים. בלוויין זה הותקנו חיישני מודיעין אותות ומק"ם.

כיום מערכת זו מוחלפת בהדרגה במערכת "ליאנה" שמבוססת על לוויינים מדגם "פיון" ו"לוטוס". הלוויין הראשון שוגר בשנת 2009.

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