לא תאכלו על הדם

לא תאכלו על הדם הוא ציווי הלכתי המופיע בפרשת קדושים, בחומש ויקרא. על פי התורה שבעל פה, נגזרים ממנו איסורים רבים.

הפסוק בתורה

הפסוק במלואו הוא:

לֹא תֹאכְלוּ עַל הַדָּם, לֹא תְנַחֲשׁוּ וְלֹא תְעוֹנֵנוּ

פשט הפסוק

פשט הפסוק עוסק באיסור על מעשה הקשור בכישוף ועבודה זרה, כפי שמראה המשך הפסוק: "לא תנחשו ולא תעוננו" העוסק בצורות שונות של כישוף. נראה שהאיסור הוא על אכילת בשר, מיד לאחר שחיטתו, כאשר הדם עדיין גלוי על הארץ. הרמב"ם[1] והרמב"ן מסבירים שלעובדי האלילים היה מנהג לאכול את הבשר כאשר הדם גלוי משום שהם האמינו כי השדים אוכלים את הדם ובכך הם מתרצים, והאדם האוכל מקבל קשר לשדים שיכולים לגלות לו עתידות. התורה רצתה לגדוע את האמונה הזאת ולכן אסרה את המעשה. לפי הרמב"ם, זו הסיבה גם למצוות כיסוי הדם, ומצוות זריקת הדם שבקרבנות.

האיסור בהלכה

התורה שבעל פה לומדת מפסוק זה מספר איסורים[2]. ביניהם:

  1. איסור אכילת אבר מן החי (אכילת הבהמה בעוד היא חיה).
  2. איסור אכילת בשר קדשים לפני זריקת הדם.
  3. איסור לבית הדין לאכול באותו יום בו הוציאו אדם להורג.
  4. לימוד שבני משפחתו של הרוגי בית דין אינם עורכים סעודת הבראה.
  5. אזהרה לבן סורר ומורה, כלומר 'לא תאכלו אכילה שתהרגו עליה' ומכאן נלמד האיסור לנהוג כבן סורר ומורה שבתורה מפורש רק עונשו[3] .
  6. איסור אכילה לפני התפילה (אין לאכול קודם שמתפללים על הדם)[4] - אף על פי שהגמרא מציינת את הפסוק כמקור, כתבו הראשונים שמדובר באיסור מדרבנן, והפסוק הוא אסמכתא בלבד.[5].

על כל האיסורים הללו, אין עונש מלקות, כי לאו זה הוא "לאו שבכללות", כלומר לאו שלומדים ממנו איסורים רבים, ולכן לא לוקים משום לאו זה.[6]

קישורים חיצוניים

הערות שוליים

הבהרה: המידע בוויקיפדיה נועד להעשרה בלבד ואין לראות בו פסיקה הלכתית.

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