עיוות גולגולתי מלאכותי

השיטות ששימשו את בני המאיה לעיצוב הגולגולת של הילד

עיוות גולגולתי מלאכותי היה מנהג עתיק שבמסגרתו נעשה סוג של שינוי הגוף בו הגולגולת של האדם מעוותת בכוונה. הליך עיוות צמיחה הגולגולת הנורמלי מבוצע על ידי הפעלת כוח לאורך זמן ממושך על הגולגולת של התינוק. כתוצאה מכך הגולגולת משוטחת, מוארכת (מופק על ידי חבישת שני לוחות עץ בצדי הראש), מעוגלת (מופק על ידי קשירת בד סביב הראש) או מתעצבת לצורת חרוט. לרוב ההליך מבוצע בערך כחודש לאחר הלידה ונמשך כחצי שנה.

המנהג של עיוות הגולגולת היה נהוג בתרבויות קדומות שונות - באפריקה בקרב הקבוצה האתנית "מנגבטוס" (שנמצאת באזור בו נמצאת כיום הרפובליקה הדמוקרטית של קונגו), באסיה בקרב ההונים, באמריקה בין בני המאיה והאינקה ובקרב תושבי חצי האי פאראקס (פרו).

גולגולות האדם הנבון מהאלף ה-9 לפנה"ס (התרבות הפרוטו-נאוליתית) שהתגלו במערת שאנידאר (אנ') בעיראק הן הממצא הארכאולוגי העתיק ביותר שנמצא עם עיוות גולגולתי מלאכותי.

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