Sismógrafo

Sismógrafo quinemétrico do Departamento do Interior dos Estados Unidos.
O sismoscopio, inventado por Zhang Heng, foi un antecesor do sismógrafo.

Un sismómetro o sismógrafo é un instrumento para medir terremotos para a sismoloxía ou pequenos tremores provocados, no caso da Sismoloxía de exploración.

Características

Este aparato, nas súas versións iniciais, consistía nun péndulo que pola súa masa permanecía inmóbil debido á inercia, mentres todo ao seu arredor movíase; dito péndulo levaba un punzón que ía escribindo sobre un rolo de papel pautado no tempo, de modo que, ao empezar a vibración, se rexistrába o movemento no papel, constituíndo esta representación gráfica o denominado sismograma.

Os instrumentos modernos son, por suposto, electrónicos. Estes sismógrafos parécense aos acelerómetros, e tenden a chegar a ser instrumentos universais. En anos anteriores, os sismómetros poderían “quedarse curtos” o ir fóra da escala para o movemento da Terra que é suficientemente forte para ser sentido pola xente. Neste caso, só os instrumentos que poderían traballar serían os acelerómetros menos sensibles.

Os modernos sismómetros de banda larga (chamados así pola capacidade de rexistro nun ancho rango de frecuencias) consisten dunha pequena ‘masa de proba’, confinada polas forzas eléctricas, manexada pola electrónica sofisticada. Cando a Terra móvese, electronicamente tratase de manter a masa fixa a través dunha retribución atrás do circuíto. A cantidade de forza necesaria para conseguir isto é entón rexistrada.

A saída dos acelerómetros é directamente como aceleración (recordando F=ma de Newton), pero os sismómetros usan un circuíto integrado para unha saída de velocidade.

Os sismómetros espazados nun arranxo poden ser usados para localizar a precisión, en tres dimensións, a fonte do terremoto, usando o tempo que toma ás ondas sísmicas propagarse cara a fóra desde o epicentro, o punto da ruptura da falla. Os sismógrafos son tamén usados para detectar explosións de probas nucleares. Ao estudar as ondas sísmicas, os xeólogos poden tamén facer mapas do interior da Terra.

Cando ocorre un terremoto, os sismógrafos que se encontran cerca do epicentro son capaces de rexistrar as ondas S e as P, pero do outro lado da Terra só poden rexistrarse as ondas P.

Os sismómetros que son usados na Sismoloxía de exploración teñen nomes segundo o medio en que se usan, o caso dos usados na Terra son chamados xeófonos e os usados na auga, son hidrófonos. Existen tamén os sismómetros de fondo oceánico (OBS, acrónimo en inglés).

Véxase tamén

Ligazóns externas

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