Lingua tonal

Distribución das linguas tonais no mundo.

Unha lingua tonal é unha lingua na que o contorno da frecuencia fundamental coa que se pronuncia cada sílaba serve para crear contrastes fonolóxicos e pares mínimos. Para que unha lingua se clasifique como tonal, os tons teñen que afectar ao significado das palabras.[1]

Distribución xeográfica

O ton é unha característica fonolóxica que se atopa en todos os continentes. Un exemplo típico son as linguas chinesas de Asia. Un estudo de corpus estimou que arredor do 40% das linguas humanas posúen esta característica.[2] A pesar da súa ampla difusión no mundo, as linguas tonais concéntranse en cinco rexións:[2]

  1. Extremo Oriente (familias sino-tibetana e vietnamita).
  2. África occidental subsahariana (linguas bantús).
  3. Nova Guinea.
  4. Mesoamérica (linguas otomangueanas, entre outras) e América do Norte (linguas na-dené).
  5. Amazonía (por exemplo, as linguas makú).

As linguas tonais son pouco frecuentes en Europa. Destaca o sueco, que posúe dous tons (grave ou baixo e agudo ou alto)[3]; porén, estes son contrastivos só nas palabras dun lexema, pero non nas compostas.[4]

Exemplos

O chinés mandarín é un idioma tonal. Posúe catro tons principais:[5]

  • O primeiro ton, que se pronuncia de forma sostida, sen variacións.
  • O segundo ton, que comeza baixo e remata alto, como ao facer unha pregunta en castelán.
  • O terceiro ton, que empeza nunha posición media, logo baixa moito e acaba subindo.
  • O cuarto ton, que empeza agudo e acaba baixo.
  • Existe tamén un ton neutro, que se caracteriza por ser curto, usado principalmente en partículas auxiliares.

A correcta pronuncia dos tons é de grande importancia, xa que os erros poden producir malentendidos ou confusións.[5] Por exemplo, a sílaba ma pode adquirir diferentes significados segundo o ton:[6]

  • mā (primeiro ton): nai, materno.
  • má (segundo ton): sésamo, cánabo.
  • mǎ (terceiro ton): cabalo.
  • mà (cuarto ton): rifar, insultar.
  • ma (ton neutro): partícula interrogativa.

Grazas aos tons poden construírse oracións infrecuentes, mais comprensibles. Por exemplo:[7]

妈妈骂麻马吗? (chinés tradicional: 媽媽罵麻馬嗎?)
māma mà má mǎ ma?
Rifa mamá co cabalo de cánabo?
妈妈骂马吗
māma mà mǎ ma?
Mamá insulta ao cabalo?

Notas

  1. ↑ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "What Are Tonal Languages?". Babbel Magazine (en inglés). Consultado o 2023-12-31. 
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 "The World Atlas of Language Structures Online" (en inglés). doi:10.5281/zenodo.7385533. 
  3. ↑ OptiLingo (2020-09-14). "Swedish Language 101: History, Grammar, and Pronunciation". OptiLingo (en inglés). Consultado o 2023-12-31. 
  4. ↑ "The Phonology of Swedish (Chapter 9: Tonal word accents)". Oxford Academic. Consultado o 31/12/2023. 
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Moreno, Maximiliano Cortés (2009-02). Fonología china (en castelán). Herder Editorial. ISBN 978-84-254-2591-2. 
  6. ↑ Celdrán, Eugenio Martínez (2002). Introducción á fonética: o son na comunicación humana. Editorial Galaxia. ISBN 978-84-8288-493-6. 
  7. ↑ "Distancia lingüística, a nivel fonético-fonológico, entre las lenguas china y española" (PDF). Repositorio Institucional - Universidad de Sevilla (en castelán). Consultado o 31/12/2023. 

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